Nucleic acid sequences encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase and methods of altering flower color therewith

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates generally to nucleic acid sequences encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (hereinafter referred to as “F3′H”) and their use in the manipulation of pigmentation in flowers of plants.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to genetic sequences encoding flavonoid pathway metabolising enzymes and more particularly to flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (hereinafter referred to as “F3′H”) or derivatives thereof and their use in the manipulation of pigmentation in plants and other organisms.

Bibliographic details of the publications referred to by the author in this specification are collected at the end of the description. Sequence Identity Numbers (SEQ ID NOs) for the nucleotide and amino acid sequences referred to in the specification and claims are defined following the bibliography. A summary of the SEQ ID NOs, and the sequences to which they relate, is provided prior to the Examples.

Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, or variations such as “comprises” or “comprising”, will be understood to imply the inclusion of a stated element or integer or group of elements or integers but not the exclusion of any other element or integer or group of elements or integers.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART

The rapidly developing sophistication of recombinant DNA technology is greatly facilitating research and development in a range of biotechnology related industries. The horticultural industry has become a recent beneficiary of this technology which has contributed to developments in disease resistance in plants and flowers exhibiting delayed senescence after cutting. Some attention has also been directed to manipulating flower colour.

The flower industry strives to develop new and different varieties of flowering plants. An effective way to create such novel varieties is through the manipulation of flower colour. Classical breeding techniques have been used with some success to produce a wide range of colours for most of the commercial varieties of flowers. This approach has been limited, however, by the constraints of a particular species' gene pool and for this reason it is rare for a single species to have a full spectrum of coloured varieties. In addition, traditional breeding techniques lack precision. The aesthetic appeal of the flower is a combination of many factors such as form, scent and colour; modification of one character through hybridization can often be at the expense of an equally valuable feature. The ability to genetically engineer precise colour changes in cutflower and ornamental species would offer significant commercial opportunities in an industry which has rapid product turnover and: where novelty is an important market characteristic.

Flower colour is predominantly due to two types of pigment: flavonoids and carotenoids. Flavonoids contribute to a range of colours from yellow to red to blue. Carotenoids impart an orange or yellow tinge and are commonly the major pigment in yellow or orange flowers. The flavonoid molecules which make the major contribution to flower colour are the anthocyanins which are glycosylated derivatives of cyanidin, delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, malvidin and pelargonidin, and are localised in the vacuole. The different anthocyanins can produce marked differences in colour. Flower colour is also influenced by co-pigmentation with colourless flavonoids, metal complexation, glycosylation, acylation and vacuolar pH (Forkmann, 1991).

The biosynthetic pathway for the flavonoid pigments (hereinafter referred to as the “flavonoid pathway”) is well established and is shown in FIGS. 1a and 1 b (Ebel and Hahlbrock, 1988; Hahlbrock and Grisebach, 1979; Wiering and De Vlaming, 1984; Schram et al., 1984; Stafford, 1990; Van Tunen and Mol, 1990; Dooner et al, 1991; Martin and Gerats, 1993; Holton and Cornish, 1995). The first committed step in the pathway involves the condensation of three molecules of malonyl-CoA with one molecule of peoumaroyl-CoA. This reaction is catalysed by the enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS). The product of this reaction, 2′,4,4′,6′, tetrahydroxy-chalcone, is normally rapidly isomerized to produce naringenin by the enzyme chalcone flavanone isomerase (CHI). Naringenin is subsequently hydroxylate at the 3 position of the central ring by flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) to produce dihydrokaempferol (DHK).

The pattern of hydroxylation of the B-ring of DHK plays a key role in determining petal colour. The B-ring can be hydroxylated at either the 3′, or both the 3′ and 5′ positions, to produce dihydroquercetin (DHQ) and dihydromyricetin (DHM), respectively. Two key enzymes involved in this pathway are flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase and flavonoid 3′,5′-hydroxylase, both of the cytoclrome P450 class. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are widespread in nature and genes have been isolated and sequenced from vertebrates, insects, yeasts, fungi, bacteria and plants.

Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase acts on DHK to produce DHQ and on naringenin to produce eriodictyol. Reduction and glycosylation of DHQ produces the cyanidin-glycoside and peonidin-glycoside pigments which, in many plant species (for example rose, carnation and chrysanthemum), contribute to red and pink flower colour. The synthesis of these anthocanins can also result in other flower colours. For example, blue cornflowers contain emcyan. The ability to control flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase activity, or other enzymes involved in the flavonoid pathway, in flowering plants would provide a means to manipulate petal colour. Different coloured versions of a single cultivar could thereby be generated and in some instances a single species would be able to produce a broader spectrum of colours.

A nucleotide sequence (referred to herein as SEQ ID NO:26) encoding a petunia flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase has been cloned (see International Patent Application No. PCT/AU93/00127 [WO 93/120206]). However, this sequence was inefficient in its ability to modulate the production of 3′-hydroxylated anhocyanins in plants There is a need, therefore, to identify further genetic sequences encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylases which efficiently modulate the hydroxylation of flavonoid compounds in plants. More particularly, there is a need to identify further genetic sequences encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylases which efficiently modulate the production of 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins in plants.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, genetic sequences encoding flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase have been identified and cloned. The recombinant genetic sequences of the present invention permit the modulation of expression of genes encoding this enzyme by, for example, de novo expression, over-expression, suppression, antisense inhibition and ribozyme activity. The ability to control flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase synthesis in plants permits modulation of the composition of individual anthocyanins as well as alteration of relative levels of flavonols and anthocyanins, thereby enabling the manipulation of tissue colour, such as petals, leaves, seeds and fruit. The present invention is hereinafter described in relation to the manipulation of flower colour but this is done with the understanding that it extends to manipulation of other plant tissues, such as leaves, seeds and fruit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase or a derivative thereof wherein said flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase or its derivative is capable of more efficient modulation of hydroxylation of flavonoid compounds in plants than is a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase encoded by the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:26.

Efficiency as used herein relates to the capability of the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase enzyme to hydroxylate flavonoid compounds in a plant cell. This provides the plant with additional substrates for other enzymes of the flavonoid pathway able to further modify this molecule, via, for example, glycosylation, acylation and rhamnosylation, to produce various anthocyanins which contribute to the production of a range of colours. The modulation of 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins is thereby permitted. Efficiency is conveniently assessed by one or more parameters selected from: extent of transcription, as determined by the amount of mRNA produced; extend of hydroxylation of naringenin and/or DHK; extent of translation of mRNA, as determined by the amount of translation product produced; extent of production of anthocyanin derivatives of DHQ or DHM; the extent of effect on tissue colour, such as flowers, seeds, leaves or fruits.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides which maps to the genetic locus designated Ht1 or Ht2 in petunia, or to equivalent such loci in other flowering plant species, and wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes, or is complementary to a sequence which encodes, a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase.

A further aspect of the present invention contemplates an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides which corresponds to the genetic locus designated Ht1 or Ht2 in petunia, or to loci in other flowering plant species which contain sequences which control production of 3′-hydroxylated flavonoids, and wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase or a derivative thereof which is capable of more efficient conversion of DHK to DHQ in plants than is the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase set forth in SEQ ID NO:26.

In accordance with the above aspects of the present invention there is provided a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 under low stringency conditions.

In a related embodiment, there is provided a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 under low stringency conditions.

In another related embodiment, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID, NO:5 under low stringency conditions.

Yet another related embodiment provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7 under low stringency conditions.

Still yet a further embodiment of the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 or having at least about 60% similarity to the coding region thereof or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 under low stringency conditions.

In another further embodiment, there is provided a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 under low stringency conditions.

In yet another further embodiment, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 under low stringency conditions.

Still yet another further embodiment provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:18 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18 under low stringency conditions.

Moreover, yet a further embodiment of the present invention relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 under low stringency conditions.

Still yet another further embodiment is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:22 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:22 under low stringency conditions.

In still yet another further embodiment, the present invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:24 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:24 under low stringency conditions.

In a particularly preferred embodiment there is provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence or complementary nucleotide sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or having at least about 60% similarity thereto or capable of hybridising to the sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 under low stringency conditions, wherein said nucleotide sequence maps to the genetic locus designated Ht1 or Ht2 in petunia, or to equivalent such loci in other flowering plant species, and wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes, or is complementary to a sequence which encodes, a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase.

Reference herein to a low stringency at 42° C. includes and encompasses from at least about 1% to at least about 15% formamide and from at least about 1M to at least about 2M salt for hybridization, and at least about 1M to at least about 2M salt for washing conditions. Alternative stringency conditions may be applied where necessary, such as medium stringency, which includes and encompasses from at least about 16% to at least about 30% formamide and from at least about 0.5M to at least about 0.9M salt for hybridization, and at least about 0.5M to at least about 0.9M salt for washing conditions, or high stringency, which includes and encompasses from at least about 31% to at least about 50% formamide and from at least about 0.01M to at least about 0.15M salt for hybridization, and at least about 0.01M to at least about 0.15M salt for washing conditions. Hybridization may be carried out at different temperatures and, where this occurs, other conditions may be adjusted accordingly.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or an amino acid sequence, having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

In a related embodiment, there is provided a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

A further related embodiment of the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary toga sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

Still another related embodiment provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

Yet still another related embodiment relates to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:10 or SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ ID NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:13 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

In another further embodiment, there is provided a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:15 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

In yet another further embodiment, the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule-comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

Still yet another further embodiment provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

Moreover, yet a further embodiment of the present invention relates to:: a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:21 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

Still yet another further embodiment is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:23 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

In still yet another further embodiment, the present invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:25 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto.

In a particularly preferred embodiment there is provided an isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding an amino acid sequence substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 or an amino acid sequence having at least about 50% similarity thereto, wherein said sequence of nucleotides maps to the genetic locus designated Ht1 or Ht2 in petunia, or to equivalent such loci in other flowering plant species, and wherein said isolated nucleic acid molecule encodes, or is complementary to a sequence which encodes, a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase or a derivative therof.

The term “similarity” as used herein includes exact identity between compared sequences, at the nucleotide or amino acid level. Where there is non-identity at the nucleotide level, “similarity” includes differences between sequences which result in different amino acids that are nevertheless related to each other at the structural, functional, biochemical and/or conformational levels. Where there is non-identity at the amino acid level, “similarity” includes amino acids that are nevertheless related to each other at the structural, functional, biochemical and/or conformational levels.

The nucleic acid molecule defined by SEQ ID NO:1 encodes a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase from petunia. Examples of other suitable F3′H genes are from carnation (SEQ ID NO:3), snapdragon (SEQ ID NO:5), arabidopsis (SEQ ID NO:7), arabidopsis genomic DNA clone (SEQ ID NO:9), rose (SEQ ID NO:14), chrysanthemum (SEQ ID NO:16), torenia (SEQ ID NO:18), Japanese morning glory (SEQ ID NO:20), gentian (SEQ ID NO:22) and lisianthus (SEQ ID NO:24). Although the present invention is particularly exemplified by the aforementioned F3′H genes, the subject invention extends to F3′H genes from any species of plant provided that the F3′H gene has at least about 60% similarity at the nucleotide level to a nucleic acid molecule selected from SEQ ID NO:1 or 3 or 5 or 7 or 14 or 16 or 18 or 20 or 22 or 24, or at least about 50% similarity at the amino acid level to an amino acid molecule selected from SEQ ID NO:2 or 4 or 6 or 8 or 10, 11, 12, 13 or 15 or 17 or 19 or 21 or 23 or 25. The subject invention further extends to F3′H genes from any species of plant provided that the F3′H gene has at least about 60% similarity at the nucleotide level to the coding region of SEQ ID NO:9.

The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention are generally genetic sequences in a non-naturally-occurring condition. Generally, this means isolated away from its natural state or synthesized or derived in a non-naturally-occurring environment. More specifically, it includes nucleic acid molecules formed or maintained in vitro, including genomic DNA fragments, recombinant or synthetic molecules and nucleic acids in combination with heterologous nucleic acids. It also extends to the genomic DNA or cDNA or part thereof encoding F3′H or part thereof in reverse orientation relative to its or another promoter. It further extends to naturally-occurring sequences following at least a partial purification relative to other nucleic acid sequences.

The term “nucleic acid molecule” includes a nucleic acid isolate and a genetic sequence and is used herein in its most general sense and encompasses any contiguous series of nucleotide bases specifying directly, or via a complementary series of bases, a sequence of amino acids in a F3′H. Such a sequence of amino acids may constitute a full-length F3′H or an active truncated form thereof or may correspond to a particular region such as an N-terminal, C-terminal or internal portion of the enzyme. The nucleic acid molecules contemplated herein also encompass oligonucleotides useful as genetic probes or as “antisense” molecules capable of regulating expression of the corresponding gene in a plant. An “antisense molecule” as used herein may also encompass a gene construct comprising the structural genomic or cDNA gene or part thereof in reverse orientation relative to its own or another promoter. Accordingly, the nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may be suitable for use as cosuppression molecules, ribozyme molecules, sense molecules and antisense molecules to modulate levels of 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins.

In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecule encoding F3′H or various derivatives thereof is used to reduce the activity of an endogenous F3′H, or alternatively the nucleic acid molecule encoding this enzyme or various derivatives thereof is used in the antisense orientation to reduce activity of the F3′H. Although not wishing to limit the present invention to any one theory, it is possible that the introduction of the nucleic acid molecule into a cell results in this outcome either by decreasing transcription of the homologous endogenous gene or by increasing turnover of the corresponding mRNA. This may be achieved using gene constructs containing F3′H nucleic acid molecules or various derivatives thereof in either the sense or the antisense orientation. In a further alternative, ribozymes could be used to inactivate target nucleic acid molecules. Alternatively, the nucleic acid molecule encodes a functional F3′H and this is used to elevate levels of this enzyme in plants.

Reference herein to the altering of flavonoid F3′H activity relates to an elevation or reduction in activity of up to 30% or more preferably of 30-50%, or even more preferably 50-75% or still more preferably 75% or greater above or below the normal endogenous or existing levels of activity. The level of activity can be readily assayed using a modified version of the method described by Stotz and Forkmann (1982) (see Example 7) or by assaying for the amount of F3′H product such as quercetin, cyanidin or peonidin as set forth in Example 5.

The present invention further extends to nucleic acid molecules in the form of oligonucleotide primers or probes capable of hybridizing to a portion of the nucleic acid molecules contemplated above, and in particular those selected from the nucleic acid molecules set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22 or 24 under high, preferably under medium and most preferably under low stringency conditions. Preferably the portion corresponds to the 5′ or the 3′ end of the F3′H gene. For convenience the 5′ end is considered herein to define a region substantially between the 5′ end of the primary transcript to a centre portion of the gene, and the 3′ end is considered herein to define a region substantially between the centre portion of the gene and the 3′ end of the primary transcript. It is clear, therefore, that oligonucleotides or probes may hybridize to the 5′ end or the 3′ end or to a region common to both the 5′ and the 3′ ends.

The nucleic acid molecule or its complementary form may encode the fill-length enzyme or a part or derivative thereof. By “derivative” is meant any single or multiple amino acid substitutions, deletions, and/or additions relative to the naturally-occurring enzyme and includes parts, fragments, portions, fusion molecules, homologues and analogues. In this regard, the nucleic acid includes the naturally-occurring nucleotide sequence encoding F3′H or may contain single or multiple nucleotide substitutions, deletions and/or additions to said naturally-occurring sequence. A fusion molecule may be a fusion between nucleotide sequences encoding two or more F3′Hs, or a fusion between a nucleotide sequence encoding an F3′H and a nucleotide sequence encoding any other proteinaceous molecule. Fusion molecules are useful in altering substrate specificity.

A derivative of the nucleic acid molecule or its complementary form, or of a F3′H, of the present invention may also include a “part”, whether active or inactive. An active or functional nucleic acid molecule is one which encodes an enzyme with F3′H activity. An active or functional molecule further encompasses a partially-active molecule; for example, an F3′H with reduced substrate specificity would be regarded as partially active A derivative of a nucleic acid molecule may be useful as an oligonucleotide probe, as a primer for polymerase chain reactions or in various mutagenic techniques, for the generation of antisense molecules or in the construction of ribozymes. They may also be useful in developing co-suppression constructs. The nucleic acid molecule according to this aspect of the present invention may or may not encode a functional F3′H. A “part” may be derived from the 5′ end or the 3′ end or a region common to both the 5′ and the 3′ ends of the nucleic acid molecule.

Amino acid insertional derivatives of the F3′H of the present invention include amino and/or carboxyl terminal fusions as well as intra-sequence insertions of single or multiple amino acids. Insertional amino acid sequence variants are those in which one or more amino acid residues are introduced into a predetermined site in the protein although random insertion is also possible with suitable screening of the resulting product. Deletional variants are characterised by the removal of one or more amino acids from the sequence Substitutional amino acid variants are those in which at least one residue in the sequence has been removed and a different residue inserted in its place. Typical substitutions are those made in accordance with Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Suitable residues for amino add substitutions Original Residue Exemplary Substitutions Ala Ser Arg Lys Asn Gln; His Asp Glu Cys Ser Gln Asn Glu Asp Gly Pro His Asn; Gln Ile Leu; Val Leu Ile; Val Lys Arg; Gln; Glu Met Leu; Ile Phe Met; Leu; Tyr Ser Thr Thr Ser Trp Tyr Tyr Trp; Phe Val Ile; Leu

Where the F3′H is derivatised by amino acid substitution, the amino acids are generally replaced by other amino acids having lie properties, such as hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, electronegativity, bulky side chains and the like. Amino acid substitutions are typically of single residues. Amino acid insertions will usually be in the order of about 1-10 amino acid residues and deletions will range from about 1-20 residues. Preferably, deletions or insertions are made in adjacent pairs, i.e. a deletion of two residues or insertion of two residues.

The amino acid variants referred to above may readily be made using peptide synthetic techniques well known in the art, such as solid phase peptide synthesis (Merrifield, 1964) and the like, or by recombinant DNA manipulations. Techniques for making substitution mutations at predetermined sites in DNA having known or partially known sequence are well known and include, for example, M13 mutagenesis. The manipulation of DNA sequence to produce variant proteins which manifest as substitutional, insertional or deletional variants are conveniently described, for example, in Sambrook et al. (1989).

Other examples of recombinant or synthetic mutants and derivatives of the F3′H of the present invention include single or multiple substitutions, deletions and/or additions of any molecule associated with the enzyme such as carbohydrates, lipids and/or proteins or polypeptides.

The terms “analogues” and “derivatives” also extend to any chemical equivalents of the F3′H, whether functional or not, and also to any amino acid derivative described above. Where the “analogues” and “derivatives” of this aspect of the present invention are non-functional, they may act as agonists or antagonists of F3′H activity. For convenience, reference to “F3′H” herein includes reference to any derivatives, including parts, mutants, fragments, homologues or analogues thereof.

The present invention is exemplified using nucleic acid sequences derived from petunia, carnation, rose, snapdragon, arabidopsis, chrysanthemum, lisianthus, torenia, morning glory and gentian, since these represent the most convenient and preferred sources of material to date. However, one skill(A in the art will immediately appreciate that similar: sequences can be isolated from any number of sources such as other plants or certain microorganisms. Examples of other plants include, but are not limited to, maize, tobacco, cornflower, pelargonium, apple, gerlera and african violet. All such nucleic acid sequences encoding directly or indirectly a flavonoid pathway enzyme and in particular F3′H, regardless of their source, are encompassed by the present invention.

The nucleic acid molecules contemplated herein may exist in either orientation alone or in combination with a vector molecule, for example an expression-vector. The term vector molecule is used in its broadest sense to include any intermediate vehicle for the nucleic acid molecule, capable of facilitating transfer of the nucleic acid into the plant cell and/or facilitating integration into the plant genome. An intermediate vehicle may, for example, be adapted for use in electroporation, microprojectile bombardment, Agrobacterium-mediated transfer or insertion via DNA or RNA viruses. The intermediate vehicle and/or the nucleic acid molecule contained therein may or may not need to be stably integrated into the plant genome. Such vector molecules may also replicate and/or express in prokaryotic cells. Preferably, the vector molecules or parts thereof are capable of integration into the plant genome. The nucleic acid molecule may additionally contain a promoter sequence capable of directing expression of the nucleic acid molecule in a plant cell. The nucleic acid molecule and promoter may also be introduced into the cell by any number of means such as those described above.

In accordance with the present invention, a nucleic acid molecule encoding a F3′H or a derivative or part thereof may be introduced into a plant in either orientation to allow, permit or otherwise facilitate manipulation of levels of production of mRNA in the cytoplasm and/or production of enzyme from the mRNA, thereby providing a means either to convert DHK and/or other suitable substrates, if synthesised in the plant cell, ultimately into anthocyanin derivatives of anthocyanidins such as cyanidin and/or peonidin, or alternatively to inhibit such conversion of metabolites by reducing or eliminating endogenous or existing F3′H activity. The production of mRNA in the cytoplasm and/or production of enzyme from the mRNA, is referred to herein as “expression”. The production of anthocyanins contributes to the production of a red or blue flower colour. Expression of the nucleic acid molecule in either orientation in the plant may be constitutive, inducible or developmental, and may also be tissue-specific.

According to this aspect of the present invention there is provided a method for producing a transgenic plant capable of synthesizing F3′H or functional derivatives thereof, said method comprising stably transforming a cell of a suitable plant with a nucleic acid molecule which comprises a sequence of nucleotides encoding said F3′H, under conditions permitting the eventual expression of said nucleic acid molecule, regenerating a transgenic plant from the cell and growing said transgenic plant for a time and under conditions sufficient to permit the expression of the nucleic acid molecule. The transgenic plant may thereby produce elevated levels of F3′H activity relative to the amount expressed in a comparable non-transgenic plant.

Another aspect of the present invention contemplates a method for producing a transgenic plant with reduced endogenous or existing F3′H activity, said method comprising stably transforming a cell of a suitable plant with a nucleic acid molecule which comprises a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding F3′H, regenerating a transgenic plant from the cell and where necessary growing said transgenic plant under conditions sufficient to permit the expression of the nucleic acid molecule.

Yet another aspect of the present invention contemplates a method for producing a genetically modified plant with reduced endogenous or existing F3′H activity, said method comprising altering the F3′H gene through modification of the endogenous sequences via homologous recombination from an appropriately altered F3′H gene or derivative or part thereof introduced into the plant cell, and regenerating the genetically modified plant from the cell.

In accordance with these aspects of the present invention the preferred nucleic acid molecules are substantially as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1, 3, 5, 7, 14. 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 or the coding region of 9, or have at least about 60% similarity thereto, or are capable of hybridising thereto under low stringency conditions.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method for producing a transgenic flowering plant exhibiting altered flower colour, said method comprising stably transforming a cell of a suitable plant with a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention, regenerating a transgenic plant from the cell and growing said transgenic plant for a time and under conditions sufficient to permit the expression of the nucleic acid molecule into the F3′H enzyme. Alternatively, said method may comprise stably transforming a cell of a suitable plant with a nucleic acid molecule of the present invention or its complementary sequence, regenerating a transgenic plant from the cell and growing said transgenic plant for a time and under conditions sufficient to alter the level of activity of the endogenous or existing F3′H. Preferably, the altered level would be less than the endogenous or existing level of F3′H activity in a comparable non-transgenic plant.

In a related embodiment, the present invention contemplates a method for producing a flowering plant exhibiting altered flower colour, said method comprising alteration of the F3′H gene through modification of the endogenous sequences via homologous recombination from an appropriately altered F3′H gene or derivative thereof introduced into the plant cell and regenerating the genetically modified plant from the cell.

The nucleic acid molecules of the present invention may or may not be developmentally regulated. Preferably, the modulation of levels of 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins leads to altered flower colour which includes the production of red flowers or other colour shades depending on the physiological conditions of the recipient plant. By “recipient plant” is meant a plant capable of producing a substrate for the F3′H enzyme, or producing the F3′H enzyme itself, and possessing the appropriate physiological properties and genotype required for the development of the colour desired. This may include but is not limited to petunia, carnation, chrysanthemum, rose, snapdragon, tobacco, cornflower, pelargonium, lisianthus, gerbera, apple, iris, lily, african violet, gentian, torenia and Japanese morning glory.

Accordingly, the present invention extends to a method for producing a transgenic plant capable of modulating levels of 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins, said method comprising stably transforming a cell or group of cells of a suitable plant with a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding, or complementary to a sequence encoding, F3′H or a derivative thereof, and regenerating a transgenic plant from said cell or cells.

One skilled in the art will immediately recognise the variations applicable to the methods of the present invention, such as increasing or decreasing the level of enzyme activity of the enzyme naturally present in a target plant leading to differing shades of colours.

The present invention, therefore, extends to all transgenic plants containing all or part of the nucleic acid module of the present invention and/or any homologues or related forms thereof or antisense forms of any of these and in particular those transgenic plants which exhibit altered flower colour. The transgenic plants may contain an introduced nucleic acid molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding F3′H. Generally, the nucleic acid would be stably introduced into the plant genome, although the present invention also extends to the introduction of the F3′H nucleotide sequence within an autonomously-replicating nucleic acid sequence such as a DNA or RNA virus capable of replicating within the plant cell. The invention also extends to seeds from such transgenic plants. Such seeds, especially if coloured, will be useful as proprietary tags for plants.

A further aspect of the present invention is directed to recombinant forms of F3′H. The recombinant forms of the enzymes will provide a source of material for research to develop, for example, more active enzymes and may be useful in developing in vitro systems for production of coloured compounds.

Still a further aspect of the present invention contemplates the use of the genetic sequences described herein in the manufacture of a genetic construct capable of use in modulating levels of 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins in a plant or cells of a plant.

Yet a further aspect of the present invention provides flowers and in particular cut flowers, from the transgenic plants herein described, exhibiting altered flower colour.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence encoding, a F3′H or a derivative thereof wherein said nucleic acid molecule is capable of being expressed in a plant cell. The term “expressed” is equivalent to the term “expression” as defined above.

The nucleic acid molecules according to this and other aspects of the invention allow, permit or otherwise facilitate increased efficiency in modulation of 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins relative to the efficency of the pCGP619 cDNA insert contained in plasmid pCGP809, disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/AU93/00127 [WO 93/20206]. The term “plant cell” includes a single plant cell or a group of plant cells such as in a callus, plantlet or plant or parts thereof including flowers and seeds.

Another aspect of the present invention provides a nucleic acid molecule comprising a sequence of nucleotides encoding or complementary to a sequence of nucleotides encoding a F3′H, wherein the translation of the said nucleic acid molecule comprises the amino acid sequence RPPNSGA (SEQ ID NO:43). Preferably, the translation of the said nucleic acid molecule comprises the amino acid sequence RPPNSGAXHXAYNYXDL (SEQ ID NO:44) and still more preferably the translation of the said nucleic acid molecule comprises the amino acid sequence RPPNSGAXHXAYNYXDL[X]_(n)GGEK (SEQ ID NO:45), where X represents any amino acid and [X]_(n) represents an amino acid sequence of from 0 to 500 amino acids.

The present invention is further described by reference to the following non-limiting Figures and Examples.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1B are schematic representations of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in P. hybrida flowers showing the enzymes and genetic loci involved in the conversions. Enzymes involved in the pathway have been indicated as follows: PAL=phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; C4H=cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL=4coumarate: CoA ligase; CHS=chalcone synthase; CHI=chalcone isomerase; F3H=flavanone 3-hydroxylase; F3′H=flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase; F3′5′H=flavonoid 3′5′ hydroxylase; FLS=flavonol synthase; DFR=dihydroflavonol-4-reductase; ANS=anthocyanin synthase; 3GT=UDP-glucose: anthocyanin-3-glucoside; 3RT=UDP-rhamnose: anthocyanidin-3-glucoside rhamnosyltransferase; ACT=anthocyanidin-3-rutinoside acyltransferase; 5GT=UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-glucosyltransferase; 3′ OMT=anthocyanin O-methyltransferase; 3′,5′ OMT=anthocyanin 3′,5′ O-methyltransferase. Three flavonoids in the pathway are indicated as: P-3-G=pelargonidin-3-glucoside; DHM=dihydomyricetin; DHQ=dihydroquercetin. The flavonol, myricetin, is only produced at low levels and the anthocyanin, pelargonidin, is rarely produced in P. hybrida.

FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of the plasmid pCGP161 containing a cDNA clone (F1) representing the cinnamate-4-hydroxylase from P. hybrida. ³²P-labelled fragments of the 0.7 kb EcoRI/XhoI fragment were used to probe the Old Glory Red petal cDNA library. For details, refer to Example 4. Abbreviations are as follows: Amp=the ampicillin resistance gene; ori=origin of replication; T3=recognition sequence for T3 RNA polymerase; T7=recognition sequence for T7 RNA polymerase. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the plasmid pCGP602 containing a cDNA clone (617) representing a flavonoid 3′5′ hydroxylase (Hf1) from P. hybrida. ³²P-labelled fragments of the 1.6 kb BspI/EspI fragment containing the Hf1 coding region were used to probe the Old Glory Red petal cDNA library. For details, refer to Example 4. Abbreviations are as follows: Amp=the ampicillin resistance gene; ori=origin of replication; T3=recognition sequence for T3 RNA polymerase; T7=recognition sequence for T7 RNA polymerase. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of the plasmid pCGP175 containing a cDNA clone (H2) representing a flavonoid 3′5′ hydroxylase (Hf2) from P. hybrida. ³²P-labelled fragments of the 1.3 kb EcoI/XhoI and 0.5 kb XhoI fragments which together contain the coding region were used to probe the Old Glory Red petal cDNA library. For details, refer to Example 4. Abbreviations are as follows: Amp=the ampicillin resistance gene; ori=origin of replication; T3=recognition sequence for T3 RNA polymerase; T7=recognition sequence for T7 RNA polymerase. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of the plasmid pCGP619 containing the 651 cDNA clone representing a cytochrome P450 from P. hybrida. ³²P-labelled fragments of the 1.8 kb EcoI/XhoI fragment were used to probe the Old Glory Red petal cDNA library. For details, refer to Example 4. Abbreviations are as follows: Amp=the ampicillin resistance gene; ori=origin of replication; T3=recognition sequence for T3 RNA polymerase; T7=recognition sequence for T7 RNA polymerase. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 6 is a representation of an autoradiograph of an RNA blot probed with ³²P-labelled fragments of the OGR-38 cDNA clone contained in pCGP1805 (see Example 6). Each lane contained a 20 μg sample of total RNA isolated from the flowers or leaves of plants of a V23 (ht1/ht1)×VR (Ht1/ht1) backcross population. A 1.8 kb transcript was detected in the VR-like (Ht1/ht1) flowers that contained high levels of quercetin (Q+)(lanes 9-14). The same size transcript was detected at much lower levels in the V23-like (Ht1/ht1) flowers that contained little or no quercetin (Q−) (lanes 3-8). A reduced level of transcript was also detected in VR leaves (lane 1) and V23 petals (lane 2). This is described in Example 5.

FIG. 7 is a diagrammatic representation of the yeast expression plasmid pCGP1646 (see Example 7). The OGR-38 cDNA insert from pCGP1805 was cloned in a “sense” orientation behind the yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PGAP) in the expression vector pYE22m. TRP1=Trp1 gene, IR1=inverted repeat of, 2 μm plasmid, TGAP=terminator sequence from the yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 8 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pCGP1867 (described in Example 8). The Ht1 cDNA insert (OGR-38) from pCGP1805 was closed in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter in the expression vector of pCGP293. Abbreviations are as follows: LB=left border; RB=right border; Gm=the gentamycin resistance gene; 35S=the promoter region from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene; nptII=the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene; tml3′=the terminator region from the tml gene of Agrobacterium; mas3′=the terminator region from the mannopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium; ori pRi=a broad host range origin of replication from an Agrobacterium rhizogenes plasmid; oriColE1=a high copy origin of replication from a Colcinin E1 plasmid. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pCGP1810, preparation of which is described in Example 13. The KC-1 cDNA insert from pCGP1807 (see Example 12) was cloned in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter in the expression vector of pCGP293. Abbreviations are as follows: LB=left border; RB=right border; Gm=the gentamycin resistance gene; 35S=the promoter region from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene; nptII=the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene; tml3′=the terminator region from the tml gene of Agrobacterium; mas3′=the terminator region from the mannopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium; ori pRi=a broad host range origin of replication from a plasmid from Agrobacterium rhizogenes; oriColE1=a high copy origin of replication from a Colcinin E1 plasmid. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 10 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pCGP1813, construction of which is described in Example 14. The KC-1 cDNA insert from pCGP1807 (see Example 12) was cloned in a “sense” orientation between the mac promoter and mas terminator. The Mac: KC-1: mas expression cassette was subsequently cloned into the binary vector pWTT2132. Abbreviations are as follows: Tet=the tetracycline resistance gene; LB=left border; RB=right border, surB=the coding region and terminator sequence from the acetolacate synthase gene; 35S=the promoter region from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S gene, mas3′=the terminator region from the mannopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium pVS1=a broad host range origin of replication from a plasmid from Pseodomonas aeruginosa, pACYCori=modified replicon from pACYC184 from E. coli. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 11 is a representation of an autoradiograph of a Southern blot probed with ³²P-labelled fragments of the Am3Ga differential display PCR fragment (as described in Example 16). Each lane contained a 10 μg sample of EcoRV-digested genomic DNA isolated from N8 (Eos⁺), K16 (eos⁻) or plants of an K16×N8 F₂ population. Hybridizing bands were detected in the genomic DNA from cyanidin-producing plants (indicated with “+”) (Lanes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 12 and 15). No specific hybridization was observed in the genomic DNA samples from non-cyanidin-producing plants (indicated with “−”) (Lanes 2, 8, 11, 13 and 14).

FIG. 12 is a representation of an autoradiograph of an RNA blot probed with ³²P-labelled fragments of the Am3Ga differential display PCR fragment. Each lane contained a 10 μg sample of total RNA isolated from the flowers or leaves of plants of an N8 (Eos⁺)×K16 (eos⁻) F₂ population. A 1.8 kb transcript was detected in the K16×N8 F₂ flowers that produced cyanidin (cyanidin +) (plants #1, #3, #4, #5 and #8). No transcript was detected in the K16×N8 F₂ flowers that did not produce cyanidin (cyanidin −) (plants #6, #11, #12) or in a leaf sample (#13L) from an K16×N8 F₂ plant that produced cyanidin in the flowers. Details are provided in Example 17.

FIG. 13 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pCGP250, construction of which is described in Example 20. The sdF3′H cDNA insert, containing the nucleotides 1 through to 1711 (SEQ ID NO:5) from pCGP246 (see Example 18), was cloned in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter in the expression vector of pCGP293. Abbreviations are as follows: LB=left border; RB=right border; Gm=the gentamycin resistance gene; 35S=the promoter region from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene; nptII=the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene; tml3′=the terminator region from the tml gene of Agrobacterium; mas3′=the terminator region from the mannopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium; ori pRi=a broad host range origin of replication from a plasmid from Agrobacterium rhizogenes; oriColE1=a high copy origin of replication from a Colcinin E1 plasmid. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 14 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pCGP231, construction of which is described in Example 20. The sdF3′H cDNA insert, containing the nucleotides 104 through to 1711 (SEQ ID NO:5) from pCGP246, was cloned in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter in the expression vector of pCGP293. Abbreviations are as follows: LB=left border; RB=right border; Gm=the gentamycin resistance gene; 35S=the promoter region from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene; nptII=the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene; tml3′=the terminator region from the tml gene of Agrobacterium; mas3′=the terminator region from the mannopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium; ori pRi=a broad host range origin of replication from a plasmid from Agrobacterium rhizogenes; oriColE1=a high copy origin of replication from a Colcinin E1 plasmid. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pBI-Tt7-2. The 6.5 kb EcoRI/SalI Tt7 genomic fragment from E-5 was cloned into EcoRI/SalI-cut pBI101, replacing the resident GUS gene. The orientation of the Tt7 (F3′H) gene as indicated (5′ to 3′) was determined through DNA sequencing. Abbreviations are as follows: LB=left border; RB=right border; nos 5′=the promoter region from the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium nptII=the coding region of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene; nos 3′=the terminator region from the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium; nptII=the coding region of the neomycin phosphotransferase I gene. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 16 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pCGP2166, construction of which is described in Example 26. The rose #34 cDNA insert from pCGP2158 (see Example 25) was cloned in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter in the expression vector of pCGP293. Abbreviations are as follows: LB=left border RB=right border; Gm=the gentamycin resistance gene; 35S=the promoter region from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene; nptII=the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene; tml3′=the terminator region from the tml gene of Agrobacterium; mas3′=the terminator region from the mannopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium; ori pRi=a broad host range origin of replication from a plasmid from Agrobacterium rhizogenes; oriColE1=a high copy origin of replication from a Colcinin E1 plasmid. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 17 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pCGP2169 construction of which is described in Example 27. The rose #34 cDNA insert from pCGP2158 was cloned in a “sense” orientation between the CaMV35S promoter and the ocs terminator. The 35S: rose #34: ocs expression cassette was subsequently cloned into the binary vector pWTT2132. Abbreviations are as follows: Tet=the tetracycline resistance gene; LB=left border; RB=right border; surB=the boding region and terminator sequence from the acetolactate synthase gene; 35S=the promoter region from the cauliflowe mosaic virus 35S gene, ocs=terminator region from the octopine synthase gene from Agrobacterium; pVS1=a broad host range origin of replication from a plasmid from Pseodomous aeruginosa, pACYCori=modified replicon from pACYC184 from E. coli. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 18 is a diagrammatic representation of the binary plasmid pLN85, construction of which is described in Example 28. The chrysanthemum RM6i cDNA insert from pCHRM1 was cloned in “anti-sense” orientation behind the promoter from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S gene (35S). Other abbreviations are as follows: LB=left border; RB=right border; ocs3′=the terminator region from the octopine synthase gene of Agrobacterium; pnos:nptII:nos 3′=the expression cassette containing the promoter region from the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium; the coding region of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene and the terminator region from the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium; oriT=origin of transfer of replication; trfA*=a trans-acting replication function; oriColE1=a high copy origin of replication from a Colcinin E1 plasmid; Tn7SpR/StR=the spectinomycin and streptomycin resistance genes from transposon Tn7; oriVRK2=a broad host range origin of replication from plasmid RK2. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIG. 19 is a diagrammatic representation of the yeast expression plasmid pYTHT6, construction of which is described in Example 30. The THT6 cDNA insert from pTHT6 was cloned in a “sense” orientation behind the yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (PGAP) in the expression vector pYE22m. Abbreviations are as follows: TRP1=Trp1 gene; IR1=inverted repeat of 2 μm plasmid; TGAP=the terminator sequence from the yeast glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase gene. Restriction enzyme sites are also marked.

FIGS. 20(i)-(v) provide a multiple sequence alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences of petunia OGR-38 (A) (SEQ ID NO:2); carnation (B) (SEQ ID NO:4); snapdragon (C) (SEQ ID NO:6); arabidoposis Tt7 coding region (D) (SEQ ID NO:42); rose (E) (SEQ ID NO:15) chrysanthemum (F) SEQ ID NO:17; torenia (G) (SEQ ID NO:19); morning glory (H) (SEQ ID NO:21); pentian (partial sequence) (I) (SEQ ID NO:23); lisianthus (partial sequence) (J) (SEQ ID NO:25) and the petunia 651 cDNA (K) (SEQ ID NO:41). Conserved amino acids are shown in bolded capital letters and are boxed and shaded. Similar amino acids are shown in capital letters and are only lightly shaded, and dissimilar amino acids are shown in lower case letters.

Amino acid abbreviations used throughout the specification are shown in Table 2, below.

TABLE 2 Amino acid abbreviations Amino add 3-letter single-letter L-alanine Ala A L-arginine Arg R L-asparagine Asn N L-aspartic acid Asp D L-cysteine Cys C L-glutamine Gln Q L-glutamic acid Glu E L-glycine Gly G L-histidine His H L-isoleucine Ile I L-leucine Leu L L-lysine Lys K L-methionine Met M L-phenylalanine Phe F L-proline Pro P L-serine Ser S L-threonine Thr T L-tryptophan Trp W L-tyrosine Tyr Y L-valine Val V

Table 3 provides a summary of the SEQ ID NO's assigned to the sequences referred to herein:

TABLE 3 Sequence Species SEQ ID NO cDNA insert of pCGP1805 Petunia SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponding amino acid sequence Petunia SEQ ID NO: 2 cDNA insert of pCGP1807 Carnation SEQ ID NO: 3 corresponding amino acid sequence Carnation SEQ ID NO: 4 cDNA insert of pCGP246 Snapdragon SEQ ID NO: 5 corresponding amino acid sequence Snapdragon SEQ ID NO: 6 cDNA partial sequence Arabidopsis SEQ ID NO: 7 corresponding amino acid sequence Arabidopsis SEQ ID NO: 8 genomic sequence Arabidopsis SEQ ID NO: 9 corresponding amino acid sequence Arabidopsis SEQ ID NO: 10 for exon I corresponding amino acid sequence Arabidopsis SEQ ID NO: 11 for exon II corresponding amino acid sequence Arabidopsis SEQ ID NO: 12 for exon III corresponding amino acid sequence Arabidopsis SEQ ID NO: 13 for exon IV cDNA insert of pCGP2158 Rose SEQ ID NO: 14 corresponding amino acid sequence Rose SEQ ID NO: 15 cDNA insert of pCHRM1 Chrysanthe- SEQ ID NO: 16 mum corresponding amino acid sequence Chrysanthe- SEQ ID NO: 17 mum THT cDNA sequence Torenia SEQ ID NO: 18 corresponding amino acid sequence Torenia SEQ ID NO: 19 MHT 8S cDNA sequence Jap. Morning SEQ ID NO: 20 Glory corresponding amino acid sequence Jap. Morning SEQ ID NO: 21 Glory GHT13 cDNA sequence Gentian SEQ ID NO: 22 corresponding amino acid sequence Gentian SEQ ID NO: 23 cDNA insert of pL3-6 Lisianthus SEQ ID NO: 24 corresponding amino acid sequence Lisianthus SEQ ID NO: 25 cDNA sequence from WO 93/20206 Petunia SEQ ID NO: 26 oligonucleolide polyT-anchA SEQ ID NO: 27 oligonucleotide polyT-anchC SEQ ID NO: 28 oligonucleotide polyT-anchG SEQ ID NO: 29 conserved amino acid primer region SEQ ID NO: 30 corresponding oligonucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 31 conserved amino acid primer region SEQ ID NO: 32 corresponding oligonucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 33 oligonucleotide primer Pet Haem-New SEQ ID NO: 34 conserved amino acid primer region SEQ ID NO: 35 corresponding oligonucleotide sequence SEQ ID NO: 36 oligonucleotide Snapred Race A SEQ ID NO: 37 oligonucleotide Snapred Race C SEQ ID NO: 38 oligonucleotide poly-C Race SEQ ID NO: 39 oligonucleotide primer Pet Haem SEQ ID NO: 40

The disarmed microorganism Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0 separately containing the plasmids pCGP1867, pCGP1810 and pCGP231 were deposited with the Australian Government Analytical Laboratories, 1 Suakin Street, Pymble, New South Wales, 2037. Australia on 23 Feb., 1996 and were given Accession Numbers 96/10967, 96/10968 and 96/10969, respectively.

ISOLATION OF FLAVONOID 3′-HYDROXYLASE AND RELATED NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCES EXAMPLE 1 Plant Material

Petunia

The Petunia hybrida varieties used are presented in Table 4.

TABLE 4 Plant variety Properties Source/Reference Old Glory Blue (OGB) F₁ Hybrid Ball Seed, USA Old Glory Red (OGR) F₁ Hybrid Ball Seed, USA V23 An1, An2, An3, An4, An6, An8, Wallroth et al. (1986) An9, An10, ph1, Hf1, Hf2, hfI Doodeman et al. (1984) Rt, po, B1, F1 R51 An1. An2, An3, an4, An6, An8, Wallroth et al. (1986) An9, An10, An11, Ph1, hf1, hf2, Doodeman et al. (1984) HtI, rt, Po. b1, f1 VR V23 x 51 F₁ Hybrid SW63 An1, An2, An3, an4, An6, An8, I.N.R.A., Dijon, Cedex An9, An10, An11, Ph1, Ph2, Ph5, France hf1, hf2, htI, ht2, po, mfI, f1 An1, An2, An3, An4, An6, An11, I.N.R.A., Dijon Cedex hf1, hf2, htI, Ph1, Ph2, Ph5, rt, France Po. Mf1, Mf2, f1 Skr4 x SW63 F₁ Hybrid

Plants were grown in specialised growth rooms with a 14 hour day length at a light intensity of 10,000 lux and a temperature of 22° C. to 26° C.

Carnation

Flowers of Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Korta Chanel were obtained from Van Wyk and Son Flower Supply, Victoria.

Dianthus caryophyllus flowers were harvested at developmental stages defined as follows:

Stage 1: Closed bud, petals not visible.

Stage 2: Flower buds opening: tips of petals visible.

Stage 3: Tips of nearly all petals exposed. “Paint-brush stage”.

Stage 4: Outer petals at 45° angle to stem.

Stage 5: Flower fully open.

Snapdragon

The Antirrhinum majus lines used were derived from the parental lines K16 (eos⁻) and N8 (Eos⁺). A strict correlation exists between F3′H activity and the Eos gene which is known to control the 3′-hydroxylation of flavones, flavonols and anthocyanins (Forkmann and Stotz, 1981). K16 is a homozygous recessive mutant lacking F3′H activity while N8 is wild type for F3′H activity. These lines are similar, though not isogenic. Both parental lines and the seed from a selfed (K16×N8) F₁ plant were obtained from Dr C. Martin (John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK).

Arabidopsis

The Arabidopsis thaliana lines Columbia (Tt7), Landsberg erecta (Tt7) and NW88 (tt7) were obtained from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre. Wild-type A. thaliana (Tt7) seeds have a characteristic brown colour. Seeds of tt7 mutants have pale brown seeds and the plants are characterized by a reduced anthocyanin content in leaves (Koornneef et al., 1982). Tt7 plants produce cyanidin while tt7 mutants accumulate pelargonidin, indicating that the Tt7 gene controls flavonoid 3′-hydroxylation.

Rose

Flowers of Rosa hybrida cv. Kardinal were obtained from Van Wyk and Son Flower Supply, Victoria.

Stages of Rosa hybrida flower development were defined as follows:

Stage 1: Unpigmented, tightly closed bud (10-12 mm high; 5 mm wide).

Stage 2: Pigmented, tightly closed bud (15 mm high; 9 mm wide).

Stage 3: Pigmented, closed bud; sepals just beginning to open (20-25 mm high; 13-15 mm wide)

Stage 4: Flower bud beginning to open; petals heavily pigmented; sepals have separated (bud is 25-30 mm high and 18 mm wide).

Stage 5: Sepals completely unfolded; some curling. Petals are heavily pigmented and unfolding (bud is 30-33 mm high and 20 mm wide).

Chrysanthemum

Stages of Chrysanthemum flower development were defined as follows:

Stage 0: No visible flower bud.

Stage 1: Flower bud visible: florets completely covered by the bracts.

Stage 2: Flower buds opening: tips of florets visible.

Stage 3: Florets tightly overlapped.

Stage 4: Tips of nearly all florets exposed; outer florets opening but none horizontal.

Stage 5: Outer florets horizontal.

Stage 6: Flower approaching maturity.

EXAMPLE 2 Bacterial Strains

The Escherichia coli strains used were:

DH5α supE44, Δ(lacZYA-ArgF)U169, ø80lacZΔM15, hsdR17 (r_(k)−, m_(k)+), recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi-1, relA1, deoR (Hanahan, 1983 and BRL, 1986).

XL1-Blue MRF′ Δ(mcr A)183, Δ(mcrCB-hsdSMR-mrr)173, endA1, supE44, thi-1, recA1, gyrA96, relA1, lac[F′ proAB, lacIqZΔM15, Tn10(Tet^(r))]^(c) (Stratagene)

XL1-Blue supE44, hsdR17 (r_(k)−, m_(k)+), recA1, endA1, gyrA96, thi-1, relA1, lac[F′ proAB, lacIq, lacZΔM15, Tn10(tet^(r))]

SOLR e14⁻ (mcrA), Δ(mcrCB-hsdSMR-mrr)171, sbcC, recB, recJ, umuC::Tn5(kan^(r)), uyrC,lac, gyrA96, thi-1, relA1, [F′proAB, lacIqZΔM15], Su⁻(non-suppressing) (Stratagene)

DH10 B(Zip) F⁻mcrA, Δ(mrr-hsdRMS-mcrBC), ø80d lacZΔM15, ΔlacX74, deoR, recA1, araD139, Δ(ara, leu)7697, galU, gal|K|λ, rspL, nupG

Y1090r- ΔlacU169, (Δlon)?, araD139, strA, supF, mcrA, trpC22::Tn10Tet^(r)) [pMC9 Amp^(r), Tet^(r)], mcrB, hsdR

The disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0 (Lazo et al., 1991) was obtained from R. Ludwig (Department of Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, USA).

The cloning vector pBluescript was obtained from Stratagene.

Transformation of the E. coli strain DH5α cells was performed according to the method of Inoue et al. (1990).

EXAMPLE 3 General Methods

³²P-Labeling of DNA Probes

DNA fragments (50 to 100 ng) were radioactively labelled with 50 μCi of [α-³²P]-dCTP using an oligolabelling kit (Bresatec). Unincorporated [α-³²P]-dCTP was removed by chromatography on a Sephadex G-50 (Fine) column.

DNA Sequence Analysis

DNA sequencing was performed using the PRISM™Ready Reaction Dye Primer Cycle Sequencing Kits from Applied Biosystems. The protocols supplied by the manufacturer were followed. The cycle sequencing reactions were performed using a Perkin Elmer PCR machine (GeneAmp PCR System9600) and run on an automated 373A DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems).

Homology searches against Genbank, SWISS-PROT and EMBL databases were performed using the FASTA and TFASTA programs (Pearson and Lipman, 1988) or BLAST programs (Altschul et al., 1990). Percentage sequence similarities were obtained using the LFASTA program (Pearson and Lipman, 1988). In all cases ktup values of 6 for nucleotide sequence comparisons and 2 for amino acid sequence comparisons were used, unless otherwise specified.

Multiple sequence alignments (ktp value of 2) were performed using the ClustalW program incorporated into the MaVector™6.0 application (Oxford Molecular Ltd.).

EXAMPLE 4 Isolation of a Flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) cDNA Done Corresponding to the Ht1 Locus from P. hybrida cv. Old Glory Red

In order to isolate a cDNA clone that was linked to the Ht1 locus and that represented the flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3′H) in the petunia flavonoid pathway, a petal cDNA library was prepared from RNA isolated from stages 1 to 3 of Old Glory Red (OGR) petunia flowers. OGR flowers contain cyanidin based pigments and have high levels of flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase activity. The OGR cDNA library was screened with a mixture of ³²P-labelled fragments isolated from three cytochrome P450 cDNA clones known to be involved in the flavonoid pathway and from one cytochrome P450 cDNA clone (651) that had flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase activity in yeast. These included a petunia cDNA clone representing the cinnamtehydroxylase (C4H) and two petunia cDNA clones (coded by the Hf1 and Hf2 loci) representing flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylase (F3′5′H) (Holton et al., 1993).

Construction of Petunia cv. OGR cDNA Library

Total RNA was isolated from the petal tissue of P. hybrida cv. OGR stage 1 to 3 flowers using the method of Turpen and Griffith (1986). Poly(A)⁺ RNA was selected from the total RNA, using oligotex-dT™ (Qiagen).

A ZAP-cDNA Gigapack III Gold Cloning kit (Stratagene) was used to construct a directional petal cDNA library in λZAP using 5 μg of poly(A)+ RNA isolated from stages 1 to 3 of OGR as template. The total number of recombinants obtained was 2.46×10⁶.

After transfecting XL1-Blue MRF′ cells, the packaged cDNA mixture was plated at 50.000 pfu per 15 cm diameter plate. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 8 hours;: and the phage were eluted in 100 mM NaCl, 8 mM MgSO₄, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin (Phage Storage Buffer (PSB)) (Sambrook et al., 1989). Chloroform was added and the phage stored at 4° C. as an amplified library.

100,000 pfu of the amplified library were plated onto NZY plates (Sambrook et al., 1989) at a density of 10,000 pfu per 15 cm plate after transfecting XL1-Blue MRF′ cells, and incubated at 37° C. for 8 hours. After incubation at 4° C. overnight, duplicate lifts were taken onto Colony/Plaque Screen™filters (DuPont) and treated as re amended by the manufacturer.

Isolation of Probes

F3′5′H Probes

The two flavonoid 3′,5′ hydroxylases corresponding to the Hf1 or Hf2 loci isolated as described in Holton et al. (1993) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,125, were used in the screening process.

C4H cDNA Clones from Petunia

A number of cytochrome P450 cDNA clones were isolated in the screening process used to isolate the two flavonoid 3′,5′ hydroxylase cDNA clones corresponding to the Hf1 or Hf2 loci (Holton et al., 1993; U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,125). One of these cDNA clones (F1) (contained in pCGP161) (FIG. 2) was identified as representing a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), based on sequence identity with a previously-characterised C4H clone from mung bean (Mizutani et al., 1993). Sequence data was generated from 295 nucleotides at the 5′ end of the petunia F1 cDNA clone. There was 83.1% similarity with the mung bean C4H clone over the 295 nucleotides sequenced and 93.9% similarity over the predicted amino acid sequence.

651 cDNA Clone

The isolation and identification of the 651 cDNA clone contained in pCGP619 (FIG. 5) was described in the International Patent Application, having publication number W093/20206. A protein extract of yeast containing the 651 cDNA clone udder the control of the yeast glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase promoter of pYE22m (Tanaka et al., 1988) exhibited F3′H activity.

Screening of OGR Library

Prior to hybridization, the duplicate plaque lifts were washed in prewashing solution (50 mM Tris-HCl pH7.5, 1 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% (w/v) sarcosine) at 65° C. for 30 minutes; stripped in 0.4 M sodium hydroxide at 65° C. for 30 minutes; then washed in a solution of 0.2 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1×SSC, 0.1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes and finally rinsed in 2×SSC, 1.0% (w/v) SDS.

The lifts from the OGR cDNA library were screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of (1) a 0.7 kb EcoRI/XhoI fragment from pCGP161 containing the C4H cDNA clone (FIG. 2), (2) a 1.6 kb BspHI/FspI fragment from pCGP602 containing the Hf1 cDNA clone (FIG. 3), (3) a 1.3 kb EcoRI/XhoI fragment and a 0.5 kb XhoI fragment from pCGP175 containing the coding region of the Hf2 cDNA clone (FIG. 4) and (4) a 1.8 kb EcoRI/XhoI fragment pCGP619 containing the 651 cDNA clone (FIG. 5).

Hybridization conditions included a prehybridization step in 10% (v/v) formamide, 1 M NaCl, 10% (w/v) dextran sulphate, 1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. for at least 1 hour. The ³²P-labelled fragments (each at 1×10⁶ cpm/mL) were then added to the hybridization solution and hybridization was continued at 42° C. for a further 16 hours. The filters were then washed in 2×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. for 2×1 hour and exposed to Kodak XAR film with an intensifying screen at −70° C. for 16 hours.

Two hundred and thirty strongly hybridizing plaques were picked into PSB. Of these, 39 were rescreened to isolate purified plaques, using the hybridization conditions as described for the initial screening of the cDNA library. The plasmids contained in the λZAP bacteriophage vector were rescued and sequence data was generated from the 3′ and 5′ ends of the cDNA inserts. Based on sequence homology, 27 of the 39 were: identical to the petunia cinnamate 4-hydroxylase cDNA clone, 2 of the 39 were identical to the Hf1 cDNA ha clone and 7 of the 39 did not represent cytochrome P450s. The remaining 3 cDNA clones (designated as OGR-27, OGR-38, OGR-39) represented “new” cytochrome P450s, compared to the cytochrome P450 clones used in the screening procedure, and were further characterised.

EXAMPLE 5 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Analysis

There are two genetic loci in P. hybrida, Ht1 and Ht2, that control flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase activity (Tabak et al., 1978; Wiering and de Vlaming, 1984). Ht1 is expressed in both the limb and the tube of P. hybrida flowers and gives rise to higher levels of F3′H activity than does Ht2 which is only expressed in the tube. The F3′H is able to convert dihydrokaempferol and naringenin to dihydroquercetin and eriodictyol, respectively. In a flower producing delphinidin-based pigments, F3′H activity is masked by the F3′5′H activity. Therefore, the F3′H/F3′5′H assay (Stotz and Forkmann, 19182) is useless in determining the presence or absence of F3′H activity. The enzyme flavonol synthase is able to convert dihydrokaempferol to kaempferol and dihydroquercetin to quercetin (FIG. 1a). Myricetin, the 3′,5′ hydroxylated flavonol, is produced at low levels in petunia flowers.

Therefore, analysing the flowers for the 3′ hydroxylated flavonol, quercetin, infers the presence of F3′H activity.

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of DNA isolated from individual plants in a VR (Ht1/ht1)×V23 (ht1/ht1) backcross was used to determine which, if any, of the cDNA clones representing P450s were linked to the Ht1 locus. Northern analysis of RNA isolated from these plants was also used to detect the presence or absence of a transcript in these lines.

Flowers from a VR (Ht1/ht1)×V23 (ht1/ht1) backcross population were analysed for the presence of the flavonols, kaempferol and quercetin. VR (Ht1/ht1) flowers accumulate quercetin and low levels of kaempferol while V23 (ht1/ht1) flowers accumulate kaempferol but little or no quercetin. Individual plants from the VR (Ht1/ht1)×V23 (ht1/ht1) backcross were designated as VR-like (Ht1/ht1), if a substantial level of quercetin was detected in the flower extracts, and V23-like (ht1/ht1), if little or no quercetin but substantial levels of kaempferol were detected in the flower extracts (see FIG. 6).

Isolation of Genomic DNA

DNA was isolated from leaf tissue essentially as described by Dellaporta et al., (1983). The DNA preparations were further purified by CsCl buoyant density centrifigation (Sambrook et al., 1989).

Southern Blots

The genomic DNA (10 μg) was digested for 16 hours with 60 units of EcoRI and electophoresed through a 0.7% (w/v) agarose gel in a running buffer of TAE (40 mM Tris-acetate, 50 mM EDTA). The DNA was then denatured in denaturing solution (1.5 M NaCl/0.5 M NaOH) for 1 to 1.5 hours, neutalized in 0.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.5)/1.5 M NaCl for 2 to 3 hours and then transferred to a Hybond N (Amersham) filter in 20×SSC.

RNA Blots

Total RNA was isolated from the petal tissue of P. hybrida cv OGR stage 1 to 3 flowers using the method of Turpen and Griffith (1986).

RNA samples were electrophoresed through 2.2 M formaldehyde/1.2% (w/v) agarose gels using running buffer containing 40 mM morpholinopropanesulphonic acid (pH 7.0), 5 mM sodium acetate, 0.1 mM EDTA (pH 8.0). The RNA was transferred to Hybond-N filters (Amersham) as described by the manufacturer.

Hybridization and Washing Conditions

Southern and RNA blots were probed with ³²P-labelled cDNA fragment (10⁸ cpm/μg, 2×10⁶ cpm/mL). Prehybridizations (1 hour at 42° C.) and hybridizations (16 hours at 42° C.) were carried out in 50% (v/v) formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% (w/v) SDS, 10% (w/v) dextran sulphate. Filters were wed in 2×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 1 to 2 hours and then 0.2×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 0.5 to 1 hour. Filters were exposed to Kodak XAR film with an intensifying screen at −70° C. for 16 hours.

RFLP and Northern Analysis of the Cytochrome P450 Fragments

RFLP analysis was used to investigate linkage of the genes corresponding to the OGR-27, OGR-38 and OGR-39 cDNA clones to the Ht1 locus.

³²P-labelled fragments of OGR-27, OGR-38 and OGR-39 cDNA clones were used to probe RNA blots and Southern blots of genomic DNA isolated from individual plants in the VR×V23 backcross population. Analysis of EcoRI digested genomic DNA isolated from a VR×V23 backcross population revealed a RFLP for the OGR-38 probe which was linked to Ht1. Furthermore, a much reduced level of transcript was detected in the V23-like lines, when compared with the high levels of transcript detected in VR-like lines (FIG. 6).

The data provided strong evidence that the OGR-38 cDNA clone, contained in plasmid pCGP1805, corresponded to the Ht1 locus and represented a F3′H.

RFLP Analysis of a V23×R51 F₂ Backcross

RFLP analysis was used to investigate linkage of the gene corresponding to the OGR-38 cDNA to known genetic loci.

The RFLP linkage analysis was performed using a Macintosh version 2.0 of the MapMaker mapping program (Du Pont) (Lander et at, 1987). A LOD score of 3.0 was used for the linkage threshold.

Analysis of EcoRI or XbaI digested genomic DNA isolated from a V23×R51 F₂ population revealed a RFLP for the OGR-38 probe which was linked to PAc4. PAc4, a petunia actin cDNA clone (Baird and Meagher, 1987), is a molecular marker for chromosome III and is linked to the Ht1 locus (McLean et al., 1990). There was co-segregation of the OGR-38 and PAc4 RFLPs for 36 out of 44 V23×R51 F₂ plants. This represents a recombination frequency of 8% which is similar to a reported recombination frequency of 16% between the Ht1 locus and PAc4 (Cornu et al., 1990).

Further Characterisation of OGR-38

The developmental expression profiles in OGR petals, as well as in other OGR tissues, were determined by using the ³²P-labelled fragments of the OGR-38 cDNA insert as a probe against an RNA blot containing 20 μg of total RNA isolated from each of the five petunia OGR petal developmental stages as well as from leaves, sepals, roots, stems, peduncles, ovaries, anthers and styles. The OGR-38 probe hybridized with a 1.81 kb transcript that peaked at the younger stages of 1 to 3 of flower development. The OGR-38 hybridizing transcript was most abundant in the petals and ovaries and was also detected in the sepals, peduncles and anthers of the OGR plant. A low level of transcript was also” detected in the stems. Under the conditions used, no hybridizing transcript was detected by Northern analysis of total RNA isolated from leaf, style or roots.

EXAMPLE 6 Complete Sequence of OGR-38

The complete sequence of the OGR-38 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1) was determined by compilation of sequence from different pUC18 subclones obtained using standard procedures for the generation of randomly-overlapping clones (Sambrook et al., 1989). The sequence contained an open reading frame of 1536 bases which encodes a putative polypeptide of 512 amino acids.

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of OGR-38 (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2) were compared with those of the cytochrome P450 probes used in the screening process and with other petunia cytochrome P450 sequences (U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,125) using an Ifasta alignment (Pearson and Lipman, 1988). The nucleotide sequence of OGR-38 was most similar to the nucleic acid sequence of the flavonoid 3′5′-hydroxylases representing Hf1 and Hf2 loci from P. hybrida (Holton et al., 1993). The Hf1 clone showed 59.6% similarity to the OGR-38 cDNA clone, over 1471 nucleotides, and 49.9% similarity, over 513 amino acids, while the Hf2 clone showed 59.1% similarity to the OGR-38 cDNA clone, over 1481 nucleotides, and 49.0% similarity, over 511 amino acids.

EXAMPLE 7 The F3′H Assay of the Ht1 cDNA Clone (OGR-38) Expressed in Yeast Construction of pCGP1646

The plasmid pCGP1646 (FIG. 7) was constructed by cloning the OGR-38 cDNA insert from pCGP1805 in a “sense” orientation behind the yeast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter of pYE22m (Tanaka et al., 1988).

The plasmid pCGP1805 was linearised by digestion with Asp718. The overhanging 5′ ends were “filled in” using DNA polymerase (Klenow fragment) according to standard protocols (Sambrook et al., 1989). The 1.8 kb OGR-38 cDNA fragment was released upon digestion with SmaI. The cDNA fragment was isolated and purified using the, Bresaclean kit (Bresatec) and ligated with blunted EcoRI ends of pYE22m. The plasmid pYE22m had been digested with EcoRI and the overhanging 5′ ends were removed using DNA polymerase (Klenow fragment) according to standard protocols (Sambrook et al., 1989). The ligation was carried with the Amersham Ligation kit using 100 ng of the 1.8 kb OGR-38; fragment and 150 ng of the prepared yeast vector, pYE22m. Correct insertion of the insert in pYE22m was established by Xhol/SalI restriction enzyme analysis of the plasmid DNA ¹isolated from ampicillin-resistant transformants.

Yeast Transformation

The yeast strain G-1315 (Mat α, trpl) (Ashikari et al., 1989) was transformed with pCGP1646 according to Ito et at. (1983). The transformants were selected by their ability to restore G-1315 to tryptophan prototrophy.

Preparation of Yeast Extracts for Assay of F3′H Activity

A single isolate of G-1315/pCGP1646 was used to inoculate 50 mL of Modified Burkholder's medium (20.0 g/L dextrose, 2.0 g/L L-asparagine, 1.5 g/L KH₂PO₄, 0.5 g/L MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.33 g/L CaCl₂, 2 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.1 mg/L KI, 0.92 g/L (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂4.4H₂O, 0.1 g/L nitrilotriacetic acid, 0.99 mg/L FeSO₄.7H₂O, 1.25 mg/L EDTA, 5.47 mg/L ZuSO₄.7H₂O, 2.5 mg/L FeSO₄.7H₂O, 0.77 mg/L MSO₄.7H₂O, 0.196 mg/L CuSO₄.5H₂O, 0.124 mg/L Co(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂.6H₂O, 10.088 mg/L Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O, 0.2 mg/L thiamine, 0.2 mg/L pyridoxine, 0.2 mg/L nicotinic acid, 0.2 mg/L pantothenate, 0.002 mg/L biotin, 10 mg/L inositol) which was subsequently incubated until the value at OD₆₀₀ was 1.8 at 30° C. Cells were collected by centrifugation and resuspened in Buffer 1 [10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.5) containing 2 M sorbitol, 0.1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.4 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and 5 mg yeast lytic enzyme/mL]. Following incubation for 1 hour at 30° C. with gentle shaking, the cells were pelleted by centrifugation and washed in ice cold Buffer 2 [10 mM Tris-HCl (pH7.5) containing 0.65 M sorbitol, 0.1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA, 0.4 mM PMSF]. The cells were then resuspended in Buffer 2 and sonicated using six 15-second bursts with a Branson Sonifier 250 at duty cycle 30% and output control 10%. The sonicated suspension was centrifiged at 10,000 rpm for 30 minutes and the supernatant was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 90 minutes. The microsomal pellet was resuspended in assay buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate (pH 8), 1 mM EDTA, 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) and 100 μL was assayed for activity.

F3′H Assay

F3′H enzyme activity was measured using a modified version of the method described by Stotz and Forkmann (1982). The assay reaction mixture typically contained 100 μL of yeast extract, 5 μL of 50 mM NADPH in assay buffer (100 mM potassium phosphate (pH8.0), 1 mM EDTA and 20 mM 2-mercaptoethanol) and 10 μCi of [³H]-naringenin and was made up to a final volume of 210 μL with the assay buffer. Following incubation at 23° C. for 2-16 hours, the reaction mixture was extracted with 0.5 mL of ethylacetate. The ethylacetate phase was dried under vacuum and then resuspended in 10 μL of ethylacetate. The tritiated flavonoid molecules were separated on cellulose thin layer plates (Merck Art 5577, Germany) using a chloroform:acetic acid:water (10:9:1 v/v) solvent system. The reaction products were localised by autoradiography and identified by comparison to non-radioactive naringenin and eriodictyol standards which were run alongside the reaction products and visualised under UV light.

F3′H activity was detected in extracts of G1315/pCGP1646, but not in extracts of non-transgenic yeast. From this it was concluded that the cDNA insert from pCGP1805 (OGR-38), which was linked to the Ht1 locus, encoded a F3′H.

EXAMPLE 8 Transient Expression of the Ht1 cDNA Clone (OGR-38) in Plants Construction of pCGP1867

Plasmid pCGP1867 (FIG. 8) was constructed by cloning the cDNA insert from pCGP1805 in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter (Comai et al., 1990) of pCGP293 (Brugliera et al., 1994). The plasmid pCGP1805 was digested with XbaI and KpnI to release the cDNA insert. The cDNA fragment was isolated and purified using the Bresaclean kit (Bresatec) and ligated with XhaI/KpnI ends of the pCGF293 binary vector. The ligation was carried out using the Amersham ligation kit. Correct insertion of the fragment in pCGP1867 was established by XbaI/KpnI restriction enzyme analysis of DNA isolated from gentamycin-resistant transformants.

Transient Expression of the Ht1 cDNA Clone (OGR-38) in Petunia Petals

In order to rapidly determine whether the OGR-38 cDNA fragment in pCGP1867 represented a functional F3′H in plants, a transient expression study was established. Petals of the mutant P. hybrida line Skr4×SW63 were bombarded with gold particles (1 μm diameter) coated with pCGP1867 DNA.

Gold microcarriers were prewashed 3 times in 100% ethanol and resuspended in sterile water. For each shot, 1 μg of pCGP1867 DNA, 0.5 mg of gold microcarriers, 10 μL of 2.5 M CaCl₂ and 2 μL of 100 mM spermidine (free base) were mixed by vortexing for 2 minutes. The DNA coated gold particles were pelleted by centrifugation, washed twice with 100% ethanol and finally resuspended in 10 μL of 100% ethanol. The suspension was placed directly on the centre of the macrocarrier and allowed to dry.

Stages 1 and 2 of Skr4×SW63 flowers were cut vertically into halves and partially embedded in MS solid media (3% (w/v) sucrose, 100 mg/L myo-inositol, 1×MS salts, 0.5 mg/L pyridoxine-HCl, 0.1 mg/L thiamine-HCl, 0.5 mg/L nicotinic acid and 2 mg/L glycine). The peals were placed so that the inside of the flower buds were facing upwards. A Biolistic PDS-1000/He System (Bio-Rad), using a Helium gas pressure of 900 psi and a chamber vacuum of 28 inches of mercury, was used to project the gold microcarriers into the petal tissue. After 6-12 hours under lights in a controlled plant growth room at 22° C., red anthocyanin spots were observed on the upper epidermal layer of the petal tissue bombarded with pCGP1867 ed particles. No coloured spots were observed in control petal bombarded with gold particles alone. These results indicated that the OGR-38 cDNA clone under the control of the Mac promoter was functional, at least transiently, in petal tissue.

EXAMPLE 9 Stable Expression of the Ht1 cDNA Clone (OGR-38) in Petunia Petals Complementation of a ht1/ht1 Petunia Cultivar

A. tumefaciens Transformations

The plasmid pCGP1867 (FIG. 8) was introduced into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0 by adding 5 μg of plasmid DNA to 100 μL of competent AGL0 cells prepared by inoculating a 50 mL MG/L (Garfinkel and Nester, 1980) culture and growing for 16 hours with shaking at 28° C. The cells were then pelleted and resuspended in 0.5 mL of 85% (v/v) 100 mM CaCl₂/15% (v/v) glycerol. The DNA-Agrobacterium mixture was frozen by incubation in liquid N₂ for 2 minutes and then allowed to thaw by incubation at 37° C. for 5 minutes. The DNA/bacterial mix was then placed on ice for a further 10 minutes. The cells were then mixed with 1 mL of LB (Sambrook et al., 1989) media and incubated with shaking for 16 hours at 28° C. Cells of A. tumefaciens carrying pCGP1867 were selected on LB agar plates containing 10 μg/mL gentamycin. The presence of pCGP1867 was confirmed by Southern analysis of DNA isolated from the gentamycin-resistant transformants.

Petunia Transformations

(a) Plant Material

Leaf tissue from mature plants of P. hybrida cv Skr4×SW63 was treated in 1.25% (w/v) sodium hypochlorite for 2 minutes and then rinsed three times in sterile water. The leaf tissue was then cut into 25 mm² squares and precultured on MS media (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 0.05 mg/L kinetin and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 24 hours.

(b) Co-cultivation of Agrobacterium and Petunia Tisue

A. tumefaciens strain AGL0 containing the binary vector pCGP1867 (FIG. 11) was maintained at 4° C. on MG/L agar plates with 100 mg/L gentamycin. A single colony was grown overnight in liquid medium containing 1% (w/v) Bacto-peptone, 0.5% (w/v) Bacto-yeast extract and 1% (w/v) NaCl. A final concentration of 5×10⁸ cells/mL was prepared the next day by dilution in liquid MS medium containing B5 vitamins (Gamborg et al., 1968) and 3% (w/v) sucrose (BPM). The leaf discs were dipped for 2 minutes into BPM containing AGL0/pCGP1867. The leaf discs were then blotted dry and placed on co-cultivation media for 4 days. The co-cultivation medium consisted of SH medium (Schenk and Hildebrandt, 1972) supplemented with 0.05 mg/L kinetin and 1.0 mg/L 2,4-D and included a feeder layer of tobacco cell suspension spread over the co-cultivation medium with a filter paper placed on top of the tobacco cell suspension.

(c) Recovery of Transgenic Petunia Plants

After co-cultivation, the leaf discs were transferred to selection medium (MS medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) sucrose, α-benzylaminopurine (BAP) 2 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), kanamycin 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L cefotaxime and 0.3% (w/v) Gelrite Gellan Gum (Schweizerhall)). Regenerating explants were transferred to fresh selection medium after 4 weeks. Adventitious shoots which survived the kanamycin selection were isolated and transferred to BPM containing 100 mg/L kanamycin and 200 mg/L cefotaxime for root induction. All cultures were maintained under a 16 hour photoperiod (60 μmol. m-2, s-1 cool white fluorescent light) at 23±2° C. When roots reached 2-3 cm in length the transgenic petunia plantlets were transferred to autoclaved Debco 51410/2 potting mix in 8 cm tubes. After 4 weeks, plants were replanted into 15 cm pots, using the same potting mix, and maintained at 23° C. under a 14 hour photoperiod (300 mol. m-2, s-1 mercury halide light).

EXAMPLE 10 Transgenic Plant Phenotype Analysis

pCGP1867 in Skr4×SW63

Table 5 shows the various petal and pollen colour phenotypes obtained with Skr4×SW63 plan transformed with the pCGP1867 plasmid. The transgenic plants #593A, 590A, 571A, 589A, 592A and 591A produced flowers with altered petal colour. Moreover, the anthers and pollen of the flowers from plants #593A, 590A, 589A, 592A and 5911A were pink, compared with those of the control Skr4×SW63 plant, which were white. The change in anther and pollen colour, observed on introduction of plasmid pCGP1867 into Skr4×SW63 petunia plants, was an unanticipated outcome. The colour codes are taken from the Royal Horticultural Society's Colour Chart (RHSCC). They provide an alternative means by which to describe the colour phenotypes observed. The designated numbers, however, should be taken only as a guide to the perceived colours and should not be regarded as limiting the possible colours which may be obtained.

TABLE 5 Summary of petal, anther and pollen colours obtained in Skr4 xSW63 uz,2/31 plants transformed with pCGP1867 Anther & Accession RHSCC Code Pollen Number Petal Limb Colour (petal limb) Colour Skr4 x SW63 very pale lilac 69B/73D white control (594A) 593A dark pink 67B pink 590A dark pink and pink sectors sectored 67B pink and 73A 571A pink 68A and B pink 589A dark pink 68A pink 592A pink and light pink sectors 68A and 68B light pink 591A dark pink 68A pink 570A very pale lilac 69B/73D white

The expression of the introduced Ht1 cDNA in the Skr4×SW63 hybrid had a marked effect on flower colour. The stamen tissue of the non-transgenic control is white, whereas the same tissue in most of the transgenic plans was pink. In addition, expression of the Ht1 cDNA in the Skr4×SW63 hybrid conferred a dark pink hue to the corolla, which is normally very pale lilac.

EXAMPLE 11 Analysis of Products

The anthocyanidins and flavonols produced in the petals and stamens (included the pollen, anthers and filaments) of the Skr4×SW63 plants transformed with pCGP 1867 were analysed by TLC.

Extraction of Anthocyanins and Flavonols

Prior to TLC analysis, the anthocyanin and flavonol molecules present in petal and stamen extracts were acid hydrolysed to remove glycosyl moieties from the anthocyanidin or flavonol core. Anthocyanidin and flavonol standards were used to help identify the compounds present in the floral extracts.

Anthocyanins and flavonols were extracted and hydrolysed by boiling between 100 to 200 mg of petal limbs, or five stamens, in 1 mL of 2 M hydrochloric acid for 30 minutes. The hydrolysed anthocyanins and flavonols were excted with 200 μL of iso-amylalcohol. This mixture was then dried down under vacuum and resuspended in a smaller volume of methanol/1% (v/v) HCl. The volume of methanol/1% (v/v) HCl used was based on the initial fresh weight of the petal so that the relative levels of flavonoidsin the petals could be estimated. Extracts from the stamens were resuspended in 1 μL of methanol/1% (v/v) HCl. A 1 μL aliquot of the extracts from the pCGP1867 in Skr4×SW63 petals and stamens was spotted onto a TLC plate.

TLC Analysis of Floral Extracts

Acid-hydrolysed floral extracts were run in a Forestal solvent system (HOAc:water:HCl; 30:10:3) (Markham, 1982). Table 6 shows the results of the TLC analysis of the anthocyanidins and flavonols present in some of the flowers and stamens of the transgenic Skr4×SW63 petunia plants transformed with pCGP1867. Indicative relative amounts of the flavonols and anthocyanidins (designated with a “+” to “+++”) were estimated by comparing the intensities of the spots observed on the TLC plate.

TABLE 6 Relative levels of anthocyanidins and flavonols detected in the petal limbs and stamens of Skr4 x SW63 plants transformed with pCGP1867. Petal Anthocyanidins Flavonols Acc # Colour Malvidin Cyanidin Peonidin Kaempferol Quercetin Skr4 x SW63 pale lilac +/− − − + − control petal limb 593A petal limb dark pink − + +++ − ++ 571A petal limb pink − + + − + 589A petal limb dark pink − + ++ − ++ 570A petal limb pale lilac +/− − − + − Skr4 x SW63 white − − − +++ + control stamens 593A stamens pink − − ++ − +++

Introduction of the Ht1 cDNA clone into Skr4×SW63 led to production of the 3′-hydroxylated flavonoids, quercetin, peonidin and some cyanidin in the petals. Peonidin is the methylated derivative of cyanidin (FIGS. 1a and 1 b). Only kaempferol and a small amount of malvidin were detected in the non-transgenic Skr4×SW63 control (Table 6). Although Skr4×SW63 is homozygous recessive for both the Hf1 and Hf2 genes, these mutations do not completely block production of F3′5′H (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,125) and low levels of malvidin are produced to give the petal limb a pale lilac colour.

The stamens with the pink pollen and anthers produced by the transgenic plant #593A contained peonidin and quercetin, while the non-transgenic Skr4×SW63 control with white pollen and anthers contained kaempferol and a low level of quercetin (Table 6).

The accumulation of the 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanidin, peonidin, in the petals and stamens of the transgenic Skr4×SW63/pCGP1867 plants correlated with the pink and dark pink colours observed in the petals, anthers and pollen of the same plants.

Co-suppression of F3′H Activity

The plasmid pCGP1867 was also introduced into P. hybrida cv. Old Glory: Red (Ht1) in order to reduce the level of F3′H activity.

Petunia transformations were carried out as described in Example 9, above.

Two out of 38 transgenic plants produced flowers with an altered phenotype. OGR normally produces deep red flowers (RHSCC#46B). The two transgenic plants with altered floral colour produced flowers with a light pink or light red hue (RHSCC#54B and #53C).

Northern analysis on RNA isolated from flowers produced by four transgenic plants (the two transgenics with an altered phenotype and two transgenics with the usual deep red flowers) was performed to examine the level of OGR-38 transcripts. Ten micrograms of total petal RNA was separated on a 1.2% (w/v) agarose/formaldehyde gel (Sambrook et al. 1989) and transferred to HybondN nylon membrane (Amersham), as described previously. Petal RNA from a non-transformed OGR flower was also included as a control. ³²P-labelled fragments of the OGR-38 cDNA inserts were used to probe the RNA blot.

The OGR-38 probe detected transcripts of approximately 2.4 kb and 1.8 kb in the flowers of the transgenic plants. However, the level of both transcripts detected in the light pink and light red flowers was considerably lower than that detected in the deep red transgenic flowers. The endogenous 1.8 kb transcript was also detected in RNA from the non-transformed OGR flowers. In order to confirm that the 2.4 kb transcript was from the introduced OGR-38 transgene, ³²P-labelled fragments of the mas terminator region were used to probe the same RNA blot. The mas probe detected the 2.4 kb transcript, suggesting that at least this transcript was derived from the introduced OGR-38 transgene.

Analysis of Anthocyanin Levels

The levels of anthocyanins in the control flowers and in the light pink transgenic flower were measured by spectrophotometric analysis.

Extraction of Anthocyanins and Flavonols

Anthocyanins and flavonols were extracted from petal limbs by incubating 200 to 300 mg of petal limb in 2 mL of methanol/1% (v/v) HCl for 16 hours at 4° C. Fifty μL of this solution was then added to 950 μL of methanol/1% (v/v) HCl and the absorbance of the diluted solution at 530 nm was determined. The anthocyanin level in nmoles per gram was determined using the formula: [(Abs (530 nm)/34,000)×volume of extraction buffer×dilution factor×10⁶]/weight in grams.

The light pink flower was found to contain approximately 915 nmoles of anthocyanin per gram of petal limb tissue whilst the control flower contained around 4000 nmoles/gram.

These data suggest that introduction of the petunia F3′H (OGR-38) cDNA clone in a sense orientation into OGR plants leads to “co-suppression” (i.e. reduction) of both the endogenous and the transgenic F3′H transcripts. A correlation was observed between lighter flower colours, reduced anthocyanin production and reduced F3′H transcript level.

EXAMPLE 12 Isolation of a F3′H cDNA Clone from Dianthus caryophyllus

In order to isolate a Dianthus caryophylluss (carnation) F3′H cDNA clone, the petunia Ht1-linked F3′H cDNA clone (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805 (described above), was used to screen a Carnation cv. Kortina Chanel petal cDNA library, under low stringency conditions.

Construction of Carnation cv. Kortina Chanel cDNA Library

Twenty micrograms of total RNA isolated (as described previously) from stages 1, 2 and 3 of Kortina Chanel flowers was reverse transcribed in a 50 μL volume containing 1×Superscript™reaction buffer, 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) 500 μM dATP, 500 μM dGTP, 500 μM dTTP, 500 μM 5-methyl-dCTP, 2.8 μg Primer-Linker oligo from ZAP-cDNA Gigapack III Gold cloning kit (Stratagene) and 2 μL Superscript™ reverse transcriptase (BRL). The reaction mix was incubated at 37° C. for 60 minutes, then placed on ice. A ZAP-cDNA Gigapack III Gold Cloning kit (Stratagene) was used to complete the library construction. The total number of recombinants was 2.4×10⁶.

A total of 200,000 pfu of the packaged cDNA was plated at 10,000 pfu per 15 cm diameter plate after transfecting XL1-Blue MRF′ cells. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 8 hours, then stored overnight at 4° C. Duplicate lifts were taken onto Colony/Plaque Screen™ filters (DuPont) and treated as recommended by the manufacturer.

Screening of Kortina Chanel Petal cDNA Library for a F3′H cDNA Clone

Prior to hybridization, the duplicate plaque lifts were treated as described previously. The duplicate lifts from the Kortina Chanel petal cDNA library were screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of the 1.8 kb EcoRI/XhoI insert from pCGP1805. Low stringency conditions, as described for the screening of the petunia OGR cDNA library, were used.

One strongly-hybridizing plaque was picked into PSB and rescreened as detailed above to isolate purified plaques. The plasmid contained in the IZAP bacteriophage vector was rescued and named pCGP1807.

The KC-1 cDNA insert contained in pCGP1807 was released upon digestion with EcoRI/XhoI and is around 2 kb. The complete sequence of the KC-1 cDNA clone was determined by compilation of sequence from subclones of the KC-1 cDNA insert. (Partial sequence covering 458 nucleotides had previously been generated from a 800 bp KpnI fragment covering the 3′ region of KC-1 which was subcloned into pBluesscript to give pCGP1808.) The complete sequence (SEQ ID NO:3) contained an open reading frame of 1508 bases which encodes a putative polypeptide of 500 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:4).

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the carnation KC-1 cDNA clone were compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2). The sequences of the carnation KC-1 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:3 and 4) showed 67.3% similarity, over 1555 nucleotides, and 71.5% similarity, over 488 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone.

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in FIGS. 20(i)-(v) and in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. Tables 7-11 are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

EXAMPLE 13 Stable Expression of the Carnation F3′H cDNA (KC-1) Clone in Petunia Petals—Complementation of a ht1/ht1 Petunia Cultivar

Preparation of pCGP1810

Plasmid pCGP1810 (FIG. 9) was constructed by cloning the cDNA insert from pCGP1807 in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter (Comai et al., 1990) of pCGP90 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,125), a pCGP293 based construct (Brugliera et al., 1994). The plasmid pCGP1807 was digested with BamHI and ApaI to release the KC-1 cDNA insert. The cDNA fragment was isolated and purified using the Bresaclean kit resatec). The pCGP90 binary vector was digested with BamHI and ApaI to release the linearised vector and the Hf1 cDNA insert. The linearised vector was isolated and purified using the Bresaclean kit (Bresatec) and ligated with BamHI/ApaI ends of the KC-1 cDNA clone. The ligation was carried out using the Amersham ligation. Correct insertion of the insert in pCGP1810 was established by BamHI/ApaI restriction enzyme analysis of DNA isolated from gentamycin-resistant transformants.

The binary vector pCGP1810 was introduced into A. tumefaciens strain AGL0 cells, as described in Example 9. The pCGP1810/AGL0 cells were subsequently used to transform Skr4×SW63 petunia plants (also described in Example 9), to test for stable expression and activity of the enzyme encoded by the gene corresponding to the KC-1 cDNA clone.

EXAMPLE 14 Transgenic Plant Phenotype Analysis

pCGP1810 in Skr4×SW63

The expression of the introduced KC-1 cDNA n the Skr4×SW63 hybrid had a marked effect on flower colour. Ten of the twelve transgenic plants transformed with pCGP1810 produced flowers with an altered petal colour (RHSCC# 73A), compared with the Skr4×Sw63 control (RHSCC# 75C). Moreover the anthers and pollen of the transgenic flowers were pink, compared with those of the control Skr4×SW63 plant, which were white. In addition, expression of the KC-1 cDNA in the Skr4×SW63 hybrid conferred a dark pink hue to the corolla, which is normally pale lilac. The colour codes are taken from the Royal Horticultural Society's Colour Chart (RHSCC). They provide an alternative means by which to describe the colour phenotypes observed. The designated numbers, however, should be taken only as a guide to the perceived colours and should not be regarded as limiting the possible colours which may be obtained.

Acid-hydrolysed floral extracts (see Example 11) were run in a Forestal solvent system (HOAc:water:HCl; 30:10:3) (Markham, 1982). The 3′ hydroxylated flavonoids, peonidin and quercetin, were readily detected in the petal limbs of the transgenic plants. Only kaempferol and a small amount of malvidin were detected in the non-transgenic Skr4×SW63 control.

The accumulation of the 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanidin, peonidin, in the petals of the transgenic Skr4×SW63/pCGP1810 plants correlated with the dark pink colours observed in the petals of the same plants.

Construction of pCGP1813

Plasmid pCGP1811 was constructed by cloning the cDNA insert from pCGP1807 in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter (Comai et al., 1990) of pCGP1958. The plasmid pCGP1958 contains the Mac promoter and mannopine synthase (mas)(Comai et al., 1990) terminator in a pUC19 backbone. The plasmid pCGP1807 was digested with PstI and XhoI to release the cDNA insert. The overhanging 5′ ends were filled in using DNA polymerase (Klenow fragment) (Sambrook et al., 1989). The cDNA fragment was isolated and purified using the Bresaclean kit (Bresatec) and ligated with SmaI ends of the pCGP1958 vector to produce pCGP1811.

The plasmid pCGP1811 was subsequently digested with PstI to release the expression cassette containing the Mac promoter driving the KC-1 cDNA with a mas terminator, all of which were contained on a 4 kb fragment. The expression cassette was isolated and ligated with PstI ends of the pWTT2132 binary vector (DNA Plant Technology, Corporation; Oakland, Calif.) to produce pCGP1813 (FIG. 10).

Transformation of Dianthus caryophyllus cv. Kortina Chanel with the Carnation F3′H cDNA Clone.

The binary vector pCGP1813 was introduced into A. tumefaciens strain AGL0 cells, as described in Example 9. The pCGP1813/AGL0 cells were used to transform carnation plants, to reduce the amount of 3′-hydroxylated flavonoids.

(a) Plant Material

Dianthus caryophyllus (cv. Kortina Chanel) cuttings were obtained from Van Wyk and Son Flower Supply, Victoria, Australia. The outer leaves were removed and the cuttings were sterilised briefly in 70% v/v ethanol followed by 1.25% w/v sodium hypochlorite (with Tween 20) for 6 min and rinsed three times with sterile water. All the visible leaves and axillary buds were removed under the dissecting microscope before co-cultivation.

(b) Co-cultivation of Agrobacterium and Dianthus Tissue

Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL0 (Lazo et al., 1991), containing the binary vector pCGP1813, was maintained at 4° C. on LB agar plates with 50 mg/L tetracycline. A single colony was grown overnight in liquid LB broth containing 50 mg/L tetracycline and diluted to 5×10⁸ cells/mL next day before inoculation. Dianthus stem tissue was co-cultivated with Agrobacterium for 5 days on MS medium supplemented with 3% w/v sucrose, 0.5 mg/L BAP, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid (2,4-D), 100 mM acetosyringone and 0.25% w/v Gelrite (pH 5.7).

(c) Recovery of Transgenic Dianthus Plants

For selection of transformed stem tissue, the top 6-8 mm of each co-cultivated stem was cut into 3-4 mm segments, which were then transferred to MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) supplemented with 0.3% w/v sucrose, 0.5 mg/L BAP, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, 1 μg/L chlorsulfturon, 500 mg/L ticarcillin and 0.25% w/v Gelrite. After 2 weeks, explants were transferred to fresh MS medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.16 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ), 0.5 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 2 μg/L chlorsulfturon, 500 mg/L ticarcillin and 0.25% w/v Gelrite and care was taken at this stage to remove axillary shoots from stem explants. After 3 weeks, healthy adventitious shoots were transferred to hormone free MS medium containing 3% w/v sucrose, 5 μg/L chlorsulfuron, 500 mg/L ticarcillin, 0.25% w/v Gelrite. Shoots which survived 5 μg/L chlorsulfuron were transferred to the same medium for shoot elongation.

Elongated shoots were transferred to hormone-free MS medium containing 5 μg/L chlorsulfuron, 500 mg/L ticarcillin and 0.4% w/v Gelrite, in glass jars, for normalisation and root production. All cultures were maintained under a 16 hour photoperiod (120 mE/m²/s cool white fluorescent light) at 23±2° C. Normalised plantlets, approximately 1.5-2 cm tall, were transferred to soil (75% perlite/25% peat) for acclimation at 23° C. under a 14 hour photoperiod (200 mE/m²/s mercury halide light) for 3-4 weeks. Plants were fertilised with a carnation mix containing 1 g/L CaNO₃ and 0.75 g/L of a mixture of microelements plus N:P:K in the ratio 4.7:3.5:29.2.

EXAMPLE 15 Isolation of a F3′H cDNA Clone from Antirrhinum majus (Snapdragon) Using a Differential Display Approach

A novel approach was employed to isolate a cDNA sequence encoding P3′H from Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). Modified methods based on the protocols for (i) isolation of plant cytochrome P450 sequences using redundant oligonucleotides (Holton et at. 1993) and (ii) differential display of eukaryotic messenger RNA (Liang and Pardee, 1992) were combined, to compare the petal cytochrome P450 transcript populations between wild type (Eos⁺) and F3′H mutant (eos⁻)snapdragon lines. Direct cloning of differentially expressed cDNA fragments allowed their further characterisation by Northern, RFLP and sequence analysis to identify putative F3′H encoding sequences. A full-length cDNA was obtained using the RACE protocol of Frohman et al. (1988) and the clone was shown to encode a functional F3′H following both transient and stable expression in petunia petal cells.

Plant Material

The Antirrhinum majus lines used were derived from the parental lines K16 (i) and N8 (Eos⁺). K16 is a homozygous recessive mutant lacking F3′H activity, while N8 is wild type for F3′H activity. These lines are similar, though not isogenic. The seed of capsule E228² from the selfed K16×N8 F₁ plant (#E228) was germinated and the resultant plants (K16×N8 F₂ plants) were scored for the presence or absence of cyanidin, a product of F3′H activity (see FIGS. 1a and 1 b). The presence of cyanidin could be scored visually, as the flowers were a crimson colour, unlike the mutant plants which were a pink colour (from pelargonidin-derived pigments). The accuracy of the visual scoring was confirmed by TLC analysis of the petal anthocyanins, carried out as described in Example 11.

Of 13 plants raised from the E228² seed, 9 (#3, #4, #5, #6, #7, #9, #10, #12, #15) produced flowers with cyanidin (Eos⁺/Eos⁺ and Eos⁺/eos⁻) while 4 (#8, #11, #13, #14) produced only pelargonidin-derived pigments (eos⁻/eos⁻).

Synthesis of cDNA

Total RNA was isolated from the leaves of plant #13 and petal tissue of plants #3, #5, and #12 of the A. majus K16×N8 F₂ segregating population (E228²) using the method of Turpen and Griffith (1986). Contaminating DNA was removed by treating 50 μg total RNA with 1 unit RQ1 RNase-free DNase (Promega) in the presence of 40 units RNasin® ribonuclease inhibitor (Promega) for 3 hours at 37° C. in a buffer recommended by the manufacturers. The RNA was then further purified by extraction with phenol/chloroform/iso-amyl alcohol (25:24:1) and subsequent ethanol precipitation.

Anchored poly(T) oligonucleotides, complementary to the upstream region of the polyadenylation sequence, were used to prime cDNA synthesis from A. majus petal and leaf RNA. The oligonucleotide sequences synthesized were (5′-3′):

polyT-anchA TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTA SEQ ID NO: 27 polyT-anchC TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTC SEQ ID NO: 28 polyT-anchG TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTG SEQ ID NO: 29

Two micrograms of total RNA and 100 pmol of the appropriate priming oligonucleotide were heated to 70° C. for 10 minutes, then chilled on ice. The RNA/primer hybrids were then added to a reaction containing 20 units RNasin® (Promega), 25 nM each DNTP 10 mM DTT and 1×Superscript buffer (BRL). This reaction was heated at 37° C. for 2 minutes, then 200 units of Superscript™reverse transcriptase (BRL) were added and the reaction allowed to proceed for 75 minutes, after which the reverse transcriptase was inactivated by heating the mixture at 95° C. for 20 minutes.

Amplification of Cytodirome P450 Sequences Using PCR

Cytodirome P450 sequences were amplified using redundant oligonucieotides (designed to be complementary to conserved regions near the 3′ end of plant cytochrome P450 coding sequences) and polyT anchored oligonucleotides: A similar approach was previously used to generate cytochrome P450 sequences from Petunia hybrida and is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,125.

Four oligonucleotides (referred to as upstream primers) were synthesized. These were derived from conserved amino acid regions in plant cytochrome P450 sequences. The oligonucleotides (written 5′ to 3′) were as follows:

WAIGRDP TGG GCI ATI GGI (A/C)GI GA(T/C) CC SEQ ID NO:30 SEQ ID NO:31 FRPERF AGG AAT T(T/C)(A/C) GIC CIG A(A/G)(A/C) GIT T SEQ ID NO:32 SEQ ID NO:33 Pet Haem-New CCI TT(T/C) GGI GCI GGI (A/C)GI (A/C)GI ATI TG(T/G) (C/G)CI GG SEQ ID NO:34 EFXPERF GAI TT(T/C) III CCI GAI (A/C)GI TT SEQ ID NO:35 SEQ ID NO:36

The upstream primers were used with each of the polyT anchored oligonucleotides to generate cytochrome P450 sequences in polymerase chain reactions using cDNA as a template. Fifty pmol of each oligonucleotide was combined with 2 μM of each dNTP, 1.5 mm MgCl₂, 1×PCR buffer (Perkin ELmer), 5 μCi α-[P] dATP (Bresatec, 1500 Ci/mmol), 2.5 units AmpliTaq® DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer) and 1/10th of the polyT-anchor primed cDNA reaction (from above). Reaction mixes (50 μL) were cycled 40 times between 94° C. for 15 seconds, 42° C. for 15 seconds, and 70° C. for 45 seconds, following an initial 2 minute desaturation step at 94° C. Cycling reactions were performed using a Perkin Elmer 9600 Gene Amp Thermal Cycler.

DNA sequences were amplified using each upstream primer/anchored primer combination and the appropriately-primed cDNA template. Each primer combination was used with the cDNA from the petals of the E228² plants #3 and #5 (cyanidin-producing flowers) and #12 (non-cyanidin producing flowers). Reactions incorporating leaf cDNA from plant #13 (cyanidin-producing flowers) were also included, as negative controls, because F3′H activity is not present at a significant level in healthy, unstressed leaf tissues.

Differential Display of Cytochrome P450 Sequences

³³P-labelled PCR fragments were visualised following separation on a 5% (w/v) polyacrylamide/urea denaturing gel (Sambrook et al. 1989). A ³³P-labelled M13mp18 sequencing ladder was included on the gel to serve as a size marker. The sequencing gel was dried onto Whatman 3MM paper and exposed to Kodak XAR film at room temperature.

Comparison of bands between cyanidin-producing petal samples and the non-cyanidin petal sample revealed 11 bands which represent mRNAs exclusively present in the cyanidin-producing petals. Of these 11 bands, only two were also present (at a reduced intensity) in the leaf sample.

Isolation and Cloning of PCR Fragments from Sequencing Gel

PCR products were purified from the dried sequencing gel and reamplified by the method described by Liang et al. (1993). Amplified cDNAs were purified, following electrophoretic separation on a 1.2% (w/v) agarose/TAE gel, using a Bresaclean kit (Bresatec). The purified fragments were then directly ligated into either commercially-prepared pCR-Script™vector (Stratagene) or EcoRV-linearised pBluestript® (Stratagene) which had been T-tailed using the protocol of Marchuk et al. (1990).

Sequence of F3′H PCR Products

Each of the eleven cloned differential display PCR products (with inserts not exceeding 500 bp) was sequenced on both strands and compared to other known cytochrome P450 sequences involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, using the FASTA algorithm of Pearson and Lipman (1988).

Of the eleven cDNAs cloned, two (Am1Gb and. Am3Ga) displayed strong homology with the petunia OGR-38 F3′H sequence (Examples 4 to 11) and the F3′5′H sequences (Holton et al., 1993). Conserved sequences between clones Am1Gb and Am3Ga suggested that they represented overlapping fragments of the same mRNA. Clone Am3Ga extends from the sequence encoding the haem-binding region of the molecule (as recognised by the “Pet Haem-New” oligonucleotide; SEQ ID NO:34) to the polyadenylation sequence. Clone Am1Gb extends from the cytochrome P450 sequence encoding the conserved “WAIGRDP” amino acid motif (complementary to primer 1; SEQ ID NO:30 and SEQ ID NO:31) to an area in the 3′ untranslated region which was spuriously recognised by, the primer 1 (“WAIGRDP”) oligonucleotide.

EXAMPLE 16 RFLP Analysis of Cytochrome P450 cDNAs

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was again used to investigate linkage of the gene corresponding to cDNA clone Am3Ga to the presence, or absence, of cyanidin-producing activity in petals. A ³²P-labelled insert of Am3Ga was used to probe Southern blots of genomic DNA isolated from K16×N8 F₂ segregating plants as well as the parental K16 and N8 lines. Analysis of EcoRV-digested genomic DNA from 13 plants of the K16×N8 F₂ segregating population revealed hybridization only to the sequences of N8 and the K16×N8 F₂ segregating lines which displayed floral cyanidin production (FIG. 11). The K16×N8 F₂ plants which produced only pelargonidin-derived pigments in their petals (including parental line, K16) showed no specific hybridization (FIG. 11, lanes 2, 8, 11, 13, 14). These data indicate a possible deletion of the genomic sequences corresponding to Am3Ga in the mutant K16 plant and, therefore, at least a partial deletion of the F3′H gene in this line.

EXAMPLE 17 Northern Analysis of Cytochrome P450 cDNAs

Northern analysis was used to confirm the expression profiles of the putative cytochrome P450 fragments as shown by differential display. Ten micrograms of total petal RNA from eight of the K16×N8 F₂ segregating population was separated on a 1.2% (w/v) agarose/formaldehyde gel (Sambrook et al. 1989) and transferred to HybondN nylon membrane (Amersham). Leaf RNA from the cyanidin-producing plant #13 was also included as a negative control in the Northern analysis. ³²P-labelled fragments of the cDNA insert from clone Am3Ga was used to probe the RNA blot.

The Am3Ga probe recognised an approximately 1.8 kb transcript which was only detectable in the petals of cyanidin-producing plants (plants #1, #3, #4, #5, #8). No transcript was detectable in the pelargonidin-producing petals (plants #6, #11, #12) or in the leaf sample from plant #13 (FIG. 12).

These data, taken with those of the RFLP analysis, provide strong evidence that Am3Ga clone represents a cytochrome P450 gene which is responsible for F3′H activity in snapdragon. The total lack of a detectable transcript in the petals of non cyanidin-producing lines supports the findings of the RFLP analysis, that the loss of cyanidin-producing activity in the K16 line (and the homozygous recessive plants of the K16×N8 F₂ segregating population) is the result of a deletion in the F3′H structural gene.

EXAMPLE 18 Isolation of a Full-length Snapdragon F3′H cDNA

The Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) protocol of Frohman et al (1988) was employed to isolate a full-length F3′H cDNA clone using sequence knowledge of the partial Am3Ga clone. A gene-specific primer (“SnapredRace A”—complementary to Am3Ga sequences 361 to 334) was synthesized to allow reverse transcription from petal RNA. A 3′ amplification primer (“SnapredRace C”—complementary to Am3Ga (3′UTR) sequences 283 to 259) was also synthesized to bind just upstream of “SnapredRace A”. A “poly(C)” primer was used to amplify sequences from the 5′ end of the cDNA molecule.

The sequences of the oligonucleotides used were (written 5′-3′):

Snapred CCA CAC GAG TAG TTT TGG CAT TTG ACC C Race A SEQ ID NO:37 Snapred GTC TTG GAC ATC ACA CTT CAA TCT G Race C SEQ ID NO:38 PolyC CCG AAT TCC CCC CCC CC race SEQ ID NO:39

“Snapred Race A-primed” petal cDNA was poly(G)-tailed and a 5′ cDNA fragment amplified with primers “Snapred Race C” and “PolyC race” using the method of Frohman et al. (1988). Pfu DNA polymerase (0.15 unit) (Stratagene) was combined with 2.5 units AmpliTaq® DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer) to increase the fidelity of the PCR reaction.

The resultant 1.71 kb DNA fragment (sdF3′H) was cloned directly into EcoRV-linearised pBluescript® (Stratagene) vector which had been T-tailed using the protocol of Marchuk et al. (1990). This plasmid was named pCGP246.

EXAMPLE 19 Complete Sequence of Snapdragon F3′H

Convenient restriction sites within the sdF3′H cDNA sequence of pCGP246 were exploited to generate a series of short overlapping subclones in the plasmid vectors pUC19. The sequence of each of these subclones was compiled to provide the sequence of the entire sdF3′H RACE cDNA. The sdF3′H cDNA sequence was coupled with that from clone Am3Ga to provide the entire sequence of a snapdragon F3′H cDNA (SEQ ID NO:5). It contains an open reading frame of 1711 bases which encodes a putative polypeptide of 512 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:6).

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the snapdragon sdF3′H clone were compared with: those of the petunia OGR-38 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2); the petunia F3′5′H cDNA clones Hf1 and Hf2; and other petunia cytochrome P450 sequences isolated previously (U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,125). The sequence of sdF3′H was most similar to that of the petunia F3′H cDNA clone (OGR-38) representing the Ht1 locus from P. hybrida, having 69% similarity at the nucleic acid level, over 1573 nucleotides, and 72.2% similarity at the amino acid level, over 507 amino acids.

The Hf1 clone showed 57.3% similarity, over 1563 nucleotides and 49.3% similarity, over 491 amino acids, to the snapdragon sdF3′H clone, while the Hf2 clone showed 57.7% similarity, over 1488 nucleotides, and 50.8% similarity, over 508 amino acids, to the snapdragon sdF3′H clone.

The snapdragon sdF3′H sequence contains two “in frame” ATG codons which could act to initiate translation. Initiation from the first of these codons (position 91 of SEQ ID NO:5) gives a protein with an additional 10 N-terminal amino acids and would be favoured according to the scanning model for translation (Kozak, 1989).

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in FIGS. 20(i)-(v) and in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. Tables 7-11 are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

EXAMPLE 20 Transient Expression of sdF3′H in Plants

Constriction of pCGP250

Plasmid pCGP250 (FIG. 13) was created by cloning the entire sdF3′H RACE cDNA insert (from position 1 to 1711 (SEQ ID NO:5)) from pCGP246 in the “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter (Comai et al., 1990) of pCGP293 (Brugliera et al., 1994). The plasmid pCGP246 was digested with EcoRI to release the cDNA insert. The cDNA fragment was blunt-ended by repairing the overhangs with the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I (Sambrook et al., 1989) and purified, following agarose gel electrophoresis, using a Bresaclean kit (Bresatec). The blunt cDNA fragment was then ligated into the binary vector pCGP293, which had been liearised with XbaI and blunt-ended using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. The ligation was carried out using the Amersham ligation kit. Correct insertion of the insert in pCGP250 was established by BamHI and PstI restriction enzyme analysis of DNA isolated from gentamycin-resistant transformants.

Construction of pCGP231

Plasmid pCGP231 (FIG. 14) was created by cloning the RACE cDNA insert from pCGP246, downstream of the first “in-frame” ATG codon (from position 104 to 1711 (SEQ ID NO:5), in the “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter (Comai et al., 1990) of pCGP293 (Brugliera et al., 1994). The plasmid pCGP246 was digested with SspI (which recognises a site between the candidate ATG codons) and SmaI (with a site in the vector polylinker sequence) to release a blunt-ended cDNA fragment which includes the entire coding region downstream from the second putative initiation codon. The cDNA fragment was then ligated into the binary vector pCGP293, which had been linearised with XbaI and blunt-ended using the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase I. The ligation was carried out using the Amersham ligation kit Correct insertion of the insert in pCGP231 was established by BamHI and PstI restriction enzyme analysis of DNA isolated from gentamycin-resistant transformants.

Transient Expression Studies

To determine rapidly whether the pCGP246 sequences in pCGP231 and pCGP250 encoded active flavonoid 3′-hydroxylases in plants, a transient expression study was undertaken. Petals of the mutant P. hybrida line Skr4×SW63 were bombarded with gold particles (1 μm diameter) coated with either pCGP231 or pCGP250 plasmid DNA, using the method described in Example 8.

After 6-12 hours under lights in a controlled plant growth room at 22° C., red anthocyanin spots were observed on the surface of the petal tissue bombarded with pCGP231 coated particles. No coloured spots were observed in petals bombarded with pCGP250 or control petals bombarded with gold particles alone. These results indicated that the pCGP246 coding region (starting at the second ATG, position 121 of SEQ ID NO:5), under the control of the Mac promoter, was functional in petal tissue.

EXAMPLE 21 Stable Expression of the Snapdragon F3′H cDNA Clone in Petunia Petals—Complementation of a ht1/ht1 Petunia Cultivar

The binary vectors pCGP250 and pCGP231 were introduced into A. tumefaciens strain AGL0 cells, as described in Example 9. The pCGP250/AGL0 and pCGP231/AGL0 cells were used to transform Skr4×SW63 petunia plants (also described in Example 9), to test for stable expression and activity of the enzyme encoded by the gene corresponding to the snapdragon sdF3′H cDNA clone.

Three of the nine transgenic plants transformed with pCGP250 produced flowers with a slightly-altered petal colour (RHSCC# 73A), compared with the Skr4×Sw63 control (RHSCC# 75C). Of the 11 transgenic plants transformed with pCGP231, one plant produced flowers with an altered petal colour (RHSCC# 73B). The anthers and pollen of the transgenic flowers were also white, as in the control. The codes are taken from the Royal Horticultural Society's Colour Chart (RHSCC). They provide an alternative means by which to describe the colour phenotypes observed. The designated numbers, however, should be taken only as a guide to the perceived colours and should not be regarded as limiting the possible colours which may be obtained.

TLC Analysis of Floral Extracts

Acid-hydrolysed floral extracts (see Example 11) were run in a Forestal solvent system (HOAc:water:HCl; 30:10:3) (Markham, 1982). Introduction of the sdF3′H cDNA clone into Skr4×SW63 led to the production of increased levels of the 3′-hydroxylated flavonoid, peonidin, in the petals. Peonidin is the methylated derivative of cyanidin (FIGS. 1a and 1 b).

EXAMPLE 22 Isolation of a F3′H cDNA Clone from Arabidopsis thaliana Using a PCR Approach

In order to isolate a cDNA clone representing flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase from Arabidopsis thaliana, PCR fragments were generated using primers from the conserved regions of cytochrome P450s. One PCR product (p58092.13) was found to have high sequence similarity with the petunia OGR-38 and snapdragon F3′H cDNA clones. The PCR fragment was then used, together with the Ht1 cDNA insert (OGR-38) from pCGP 805, to screen an A. thaliana cDNA library.

Design of Oligonucieotides

Degenerate oligonucleotides for PCR DNA amplification were designed from the consensus amino acid sequence of Petunia hybrida cytochrome P450 partial sequences situated near the haem-binding domain. Primer degeneracy was established by the inclusion of deoxyinosine (designated as I below) in the third base of each codon (deoxyinosine base pairs with similar efficiency to A, T, G, and C), and the inclusion of alternate bases where the consensus sequences were non-specific. Thus, the amino-terminal directional primer “Pet Haem” (Petunia haem-binding domain), containing the cysteine residue codon crucial for haem binding, and the upstream primer “WAIGRDP” (See also Example 15) were designed.

WAIGRDP TGG GCI ATI GGI (A/C)GI GA(T/C) CC SEQ ID NO:30 SEQ ID NO:31 Pet Haem CCI GG(A/G) CAI ATI C(G/T)(C/T) (C/T)TI CCI GCI CC(A/G) AAI GG SEQ ID NO:40

Generation of Cytochrome P450 Sequences Using PCR

Genomic DNA was isolated from A. thaliana ecotype Columbia, using the method described by Dellaporta et al. (1987). Polymerase chain reactions for amplification of cytochrome P450 homologues typically contained 100-200 ng of Columbia genomic DNA, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH8.3), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin, 0.2 mM each DNTP, 312 ng “WAIGRDP” and 484 ng “Pet Haem” and 1.25 units Taq polymerase (Cetus). Reaction mixes (50 μL) were cycled 40 times between 95° C. for 50 seconds, 45° C. for 50 seconds and 72° C. for 45 seconds.

The expected size of specific PCR amplification products, using the “WAIGRDP” and “Pet Haem” primers on a typical P450 gene template, without an intron, is approximately 150 base pairs. PCR fragments of approximately 140 to 155 base pairs were isolated and purified using the Mermaid® kit (BIO 101). The PCR fragments were re-amplified to obtain enough product for cloning and then end-repaired using Pfu DNA polymerase and finally cloned into pCR-Script™Direct SK(+) (Stratagene). The ligated DNA was then used to transform competent DH5α cells (Inoue et at., 1990).

Sequence of PCR Products

Plasmid DNA from 15 transformants was prepared (Del Sal et al., 1989). Sequencing data generated from these PCR fragments indicated that 11 out of the 15 represented unique clones. A distinct set of cytochrome P450 consensus amino acids was also found in the translated sequence encoded within the A. thaliana PCR inserts. The sequences of the PCR fragments were also compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone and the snapdragon F3′H cDNA clone. The PCR fragment, p58092.13, was most similar to the F3′H sequences from both petunia and snapdragon.

EXAMPLE 23 Screening of A. thaliana cDNA Library

To isolate a cDNA clone of the p58092.13 PCR product, an A. thaliana ecotype Columbia cDNA library (Newman et al., 1994; D'Alessio et al., 1992) was screened with a ³²P-labelled fragment of p58092.13 together with a ³²P-labelled fragment of the petunia Ht1 cDNA insert (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805.

A total of 600,000 pfu was plated at a density of 50,000 pfus per 15 cm diameter plate, as described by D'Alessio et a (1992). After phage growth at 37° C. plates were stored at 4° C. overnight, duplicate lifts were taken onto Colony/Plaque Screen filters (DuPont) and treated as recommended by the manufacturer.

Prior to hybridization, the duplicate plaque lifts were washed in prewashing solution (50 mM Tris-HCl pH7.5, 1 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% (w/v) sarcosine) at 65° C. for 30 minutes; stripped in 0.4 M sodium hydroxide at 65° C. for 30 minutes; then washed in a solution of 0.2 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1×SSC, 0.1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes and finally rinsed in 2×SSC, 1.0% (w/v) SDS.

Hybridization conditions included a prehybridization step in 50% (v/v) formamide, 1 M NaCl, 10% (w/v) dextran sulphate, 1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. for at least 1 hour. The ³²P-labelled fragment of p58092.13 (2×10⁶ cpm/mL) was then added to the hybridization solution and hybridization was continued at 42° C. for a further 16 hours. The filters were then washed in 2×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. for 2×1 hour and exposed to Kodak XAR film with an intensifying screen at −70° C. for 16 hours.

Eleven strongly-hybridizing plaques were picked into PSB and rescreened as detailed above, to isolate purified plaques. These filters were also probed with ³²P-labelled fragment of the petunia Ht1 cDNA insert (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805, under low stringency conditions. Low stringency conditions included prehybridization and hybridization at 42° C. in 20% (v/v) formamide, 1 M NaCl, 10% (w/v) dextran sulphate, 1% (w/v) SDS and washing in 6×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS (w/v) at 65° C. for 1 hour.

The OGR-38 and p58092. 13 probes hybridized with identical plaques. The 11 pure plaques were picked into PSB and the plasmid vectors pZL1 containing the cDNA clones were rescued using the bacterial strain DH10B(Zip). Plasmid DNA was prepared (Del Sal et al., 1989) and the cDNA inserts were released upon digestion with BamHI and EcoRI. The 11 plasmids contained cDNA inserts of between 800 bp and 1 kb. Sequence data generated from the 5′ region of the cDNA inserts suggested that nine of these clones were identical. Sequence data were generated from the 5′ ends of all nine cDNA inserts and the 3′ end of only one cDNA insert. The sequence data generated from all clones were compiled to produce the nucleotide and translated sequence shown as SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:8.

The A. thaliana putative F3′H sequences were compared with the sequences of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2) and was 64.7% similar to the petunia F3′H cDNA clone, over 745 nucleotides, and 63.7% similar, over 248 amino

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in FIGS. 20(i)-(v) and in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. Tables 7-11 are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

Isolation of a F3′H Genomic Clone from Arabidopsis thaliana

To isolate a genomic clone of the A. thaliana F3′H gene, a A. thaliana ecotype Landsberg erecta genomic DNA library was screened with ³²P-labelled p60606.04 fragments. The library was created by cloning partial MboI-digested genomic DNA between BamHI-digested bacteriophage lambda EMBL4 arms. The primary library, which contained 30,000 clones, was amplified once before screening.

The p60606.04 clone, containing a 1 kb fragment of A. thaliana F3′H cDNA, was digested with BamHI/EcoRI to excise the insert which was purified using GeneClean (Bio 101). Probe was ³²P-labelled using the nick-translation procedure (Sambrook let al., 1989). Approximately 20,000 plaques were probed at high stringency (50% formamide at 37° C.) and filters were washed in: 2×SSPE; 2×SSPE, 0.1% (w/v) SDS; 0.1×SSPE, all at 65° C. Re-screening was carried out under the same conditions.

DNA was purified from three positive plaques (λTT7-1, λTT7-5 and λTT7-6) and mapped by digestion with EcoRI and EcoRI/SalI. All three clones had an EcoRI fragment in common. λTT7-1 and λTT7-5 had overlapping but not identical restriction patterns. A Southern blot of these digests was probed as above and, for λTT7-1 and λTT7-5, a common 6.5 kb EcoRI/SalI fragment hybridized. A smaller EcoRI/SalI fragment in λTT7-6 also hybridized and was presumably at the insert boundary.

EcoRI/SalI fragments from ITT7-5 were cloned into pBlueScript SK+ and a clone containing the 6.5 kb fragment, designated E-5, was identified by hybridization (as above) and insert size. A restriction map was compiled for the fragment using EcoRI, SalI, KpnI, HindIII and BglII in various combinations, and by hybridization to Southern blots of these digests with the BamHI/EcoRI insert from the A. thaliana F3′H cDNA clone.

Complete Sequence of Tt7 Genonic Clone

A 6.4 kb BamHI fragment from pTt7-2, containing most of the Tt7 genomic fragment was purified, self-ligated, sonicated, end-repaired, size-fractionated (450 bp to 800 bp) and cloned into SmaI-cut pUC19 using standard techniques (Sambrook et al., 1989). Recombinant clones were isolated, and plasmid DNA was purified and sequenced using M13-21 or M13 reverse sequencing primers. The sequence from overlapping clones was combined into one contiguous fragment. The sequence of the ends of the Tt7 genomic fragment were also obtained by sequencing with the −21 and REV primers. All of the sequences were combined together to obtain the complete sequence of the 6.5 kb EcoRI/SalI fragment from E-5 (SEQ ID NO:9).

The sequences over the coding region of the arabidopsis Tt7 genomic clone (SEQ ID NO:10, 11, 12 and 13) were compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and 2). The arabidopsis Tt7 coding region showed 65.4% similarity, over 1066 nucleotides, and 67.1% similarity, over 511 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone.

Transformation of a tt7 Arabidopsis Mutant

Preparation of Binary Vector

The EcoRI/SalI fragment from E-5 was cloned into EcoRI/SalI-cut pBI101 (Jefferson et al., 1987). Two separate but identical clones were identified: pBI-Tt7-2 (FIG. 15) and pBI-Tt7-4. Both clones were used for transformation of A. tumefaciens.

Plant Transformation

Plasmids pBI-Tt7-2, pBI-Tt7-4 and pBI101 were transformed into Agrobacterium stain GV3101 pMP90 by electroporation. Transformants were selected on medium containing 50 μg/mL kanamycin (and 50 μg/mL gentamycin to select for the resident pMP90).

Plasmid DNA, from four transformant colonies for each clone, was isolated and digested with EcoRI/SalI, electrophoresed, Southern blotted, and probed with the Tt7 cDNA insert. For pBI-Tt7-2 and pBI-Tt7-4, the expected insert band was identified.

One transformant for each plasmid (i.e.: one control [PBI101 C4], one each of the two Tt7 clones [pBI-Tt7-2-3 and pBI Tt7-4-4]) was used to vacuum infiltrate the A. thaliana tt7 mutant line NW88 (4 pots of 10 plants each for each construct), using the a method essentially as described by Bechtold et al. (1993).

Seed from each pot was harvested. One hundred mg of seed (approximately 5,000) was plated on nutrient medium (described by Haughn and Somerville, 1986) containing 50 μg/mL kanamycin. Kanamycin-resistant transformants were visible after 7 to 10 days. In the case of pBI-Tt7-2-3 and pBI-Tt7-4-4, a total of 11 transformants were isolated from 5 different seed lots (i.e.: pots) and all kanamycin-resistant transformants were visibly Tt7 in phenotype and exhibited the characteristic red/purple anthocyanin pigments at the margins of the cotyledons and at the hypocotyl. A single kanamycin-resistant transformant was isolated from only one of the four pots of control transformants and it did not exhibit a “wild-type” Tt7 phenotype.

Complementation of tt7 Mutant

These transformants were planted out and grown to maturity and individually harvested for seed. In each case, for pBI-Tt7-2-3 and pBI-Tt7-4-4 transformants, the seeds were visibly more brown than the pale brown seed of the tt7 mutant plants. The seed from the control transformant was indistinguishable from the tt7 mutant parent. These seed were plated out on nutrient medium and nutrient medium with kanamycin added, and scored for the Tt7 phenotype (red/purple anthocyanin pigments at the margins of the cotyledons and at the hypocotyl) and kanamycin resistance. The progeny of at least one transformant for each seed lot was examined, since these were clearly independent transformation events.

Without exception, kanamycin-resistant seedlings exhibited the Tt7 phenotype while kanamycin-sensitive individuals were tt7. In some cases, kanamycin resistance was weak and variable among a family of seed and it was difficult to unequivocally determine whether individuals were kanamycin resistant or kanamycin sensitive.

EXAMPLE 24 Isolation of a F3′H cDNA Clone from Rosa hybrids

In order to isolate a Rose F3′H cDNA clone, a Rosa hybrida cv. Kardinal petal cDNA library was screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of the petunia Ht1 cDNA clone (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805, and snapdragon F3′H cDNA clone (sdF3′H), contained in pCGP246.

Construction of a Petal cDNA Library from Rose cv. Kardinal

Total RNA was prepared from the buds of Rosa hybrida cv. Kardinal stage 2. At this stage, the tightly closed buds were 1.5 cm high and approximately 0.9 cm wide with pale pink petals.

Frozen tissue (1-3 g) was ground in liquid nitrogen with a mortar and pestle, placed in 25 mL pre-chilled Buffer A [0.2 M boric acid, 10 mM EDTA (sodium salt) (pH 7.6)] and homogenized briefly. The extract was mixed on a rotary shaker until it reached room temperature and an equal volume of phenol/chloroform (1:1 v/v), equilibrated with Buffer A, was added. After mixing for a further 10 minutes, the RNA preparation was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes at 20° C. The upper aqueous phase was retained and the phenol interface re-extracted as above. The aqueous phases were pooled and adjusted to 0.1 M sodium acetate (pH 6.0), 2.5 volumes 95% ethanol were added and the mixture was stored at −20° C. overnight.

The preparation was centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes at 4° C., the pellet dissolved gently in 20 mL Buffer B [25 mM boric acid, 1.25 mM EDTA (sodium salt), 0.1 M NaCl (pH 7.6)] and 0.4 volumes 2-butoxyethanol (2BE) were added. This solution was incubated on ice for 30 minutes. It was then centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes at 0° C. and the supernatant was carefully collected. After addition of 1.0 volume of 2BE and incubation on ice for a further 30 minutes, the supernatant was again centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes at 0° C. The resulting pellet was gently washed with Buffer A:2BE (1:1 v/v), then with 70% (v/v) ethanol, 0.1 M potassium acetate and finally with 95% ethanol. The pellet was air dried and dissolved in 1 mL diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC)-treated water. This was adjusted to 3 M lithium chloride, left on ice for 60 minutes and centrifuged at 10,000×g for 10 minutes at 0° C. The pellet was washed twice with 3 M LiCl and then with 70% ethanol, 0.1 M potassium acetate.

The resulting RNA pellet was dissolved in 400 μL DEPC-treated water and extracted with an equal volume phenol/chloroform. The RNA mix was then centrifuged at 10,000×g for 5 minutes at 20° C., the aqueous phase collected and made to 0.1 M sodium acetate, and a further 2.5 volumes of 95% ethanol were added. After 30 minutes incubation on ice, the mix was centrifuged at 13,000 rpm (5,000×g) for 20 minutes at 20° C. and the RNA pellet resuspended gently in 400 μL DEPC-treated water.

Poly (A)⁺ RNA was selected from the total RNA by Oligotex dT-30 (Takara, Japan) following the manufacturer's protocol. The cDNA was synthesized according to the method in Brugliera et al. (1994) and used to construct a non-directional petal cDNA library in the EcoRI site of λZAPII (Stratagene). The total number of recombinants obtained was 3.5×10⁵.

After transfecting XL1-Blue cells, the packaged cDNA mixture was plated at 50,000 pfu per 15 cm diameter plate. The plates were incubated at 37° C. for 8 hours, and the phage were eluted in 100 mM NaCl, 8 mM MgSO₄, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.01% (w/v) gelatin (Phage Storage Buffer (PSB)) (Sambrook et at., 1989). Chloroform was added and the phage stored at 4° C. as an amplified library.

200,000 pfus of the amplified library were plated onto NZY plates (Sambrook et al., 1989) at a density of 10,000 pfu per 15 cm plate after transfecting XL1-Blue MRF′ cells, and incubated at 37° C. for 8 hours. After incubation at 4° C. overnight, duplicate lifts (labelled as group A and group B) were taken onto Colony/Plaque Screen filters (DuPont) and treated as recommended by the manufacturer.

Screening of Kardinal cDNA Library for a F3′H cDNA Clone

Prior to hybridization, The duplicate plaque lifts were washed in prewashing solution (50 mM Tris-HCl pH7.5, 1 M NaCl, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% (w/v) sarcosine) at 65° C. for 30 minutes; stripped in 0.4 M sodium hydroxide at 65° C. for 30 minutes; then washed in a solution of 0.2 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.1×SSC, 0.1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes and finally rinsed in 2×SSC, 1.0% (w/v) SDS.

The group A filters of the duplicate lifts from the Kardinal cDNA library were screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of an NcoI fragment from pCGP1805 containing the petunia Ht1 (OGR-38) cDNA clone, while the group B filters were screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of EcoRI/SspI fragment from pCGP246 containing the snapdragon F3′H clone.

Hybridization conditions included a prehybridization step in 10% (v/v) formamide, 1 M NaCl, 10% (w/v) dextran sulphate, 1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. for at least 1 hour. The ³²P-labelled fragment (2×10⁶ cpm/ml) was then added to the hybridization solution and hybridization was continued at 42° C. for a further 16 hours. The filters were then washed 42° C. in 2×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS for 2 hours followed by 1×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS for 1 hour and finally in 0.2×SSC/1% (w/v) SDS for 2 hours. The filters were exposed to Kodak XAR film with an intensifying screen at −70° C. for 16 hours.

Four strongly-hybridizing plaques (R1, R2, R3, R4) were picked into PSB and rescreened to isolate pure plaques. The plasmids contained in the λZAP bacteriophage vector were rescued and digested with EcoRI to release the cDNA inserts. Clone R1 contained a 1.0 kb insert while clones R2, R3 and R4 contained inserts of approximately 1.3 kb each. Sequence data were generated from the 3′ and 5′ ends of the R4 cDNA insert.

The rose R4 putative F3′H sequence was compared with that of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H sequence. At the nucleotide level, the R4 cDNA clone showed 63.2% and 62.1% similarity over 389 nucleotides at the 5′ end and 330 nucleotides at the 3′ end, respectively. At the amino acid level, the R4 clone showed 65.4% and 73.9% similarity over 130 amino acids at the 5′ end and 69 amino acids at the 3′ end, respectively. Based on the high sequence similarity of the Rose R4 cDNA clone to that of the petunia F3′H cDNA clone (OGR-38), a corresponding “full-length” cDNA clone was isolated, as described in Example 25, below.

EXAMPLE 25 Isolation of a Full-length Rose F3′H cDNA

In order to isolate a “full-length” F3′H cDNA clone from Rose, the Rosa hybrida cv Kardinal petal cDNA library described in Example 24 was screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of the rose R4 cDNA clone, described above.

A total of 1.9×10⁶ pfus of the amplified library were plated onto NZY plates at a density of 100,000 pfus per 15 cm diameter plate after transfecting XL1-Blue MRF′ cells, and incubated at 37° C. for 8 hours. After incubation at 4° C. overnight, duplicate lifts were taken onto Colony/Plaque Screen™ filters (DuPont) and treated as recommended by the manufacturer.

Screening of Kardinal cDNA Library for Full-length F3′H cDNA Clones

Prior to hybridization, the duplicate plaque lifts were treated as described in Example 24.

The duplicate lifts from the Kardinal cDNA library were screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of an EcoRI fragment from the rose R4 cDNA clone.

Hybridization conditions included a prehybridization step in 50% (v/v) formamide, 1 M NaCl, 10% (w/v) dextran sulphate, 1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. for at least 1 hour. The ³²P-labelled fragment of the rose R4 cDNA clone (1×10⁶ cpm/mL) was then added to the hybridization solution and hybridization was continued at 42° C. for a further 16 hours. The filters were then washed in 2×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. for 2×1 hour and exposed to Kodak XAR film with an intensifying screen at −70° C. for 16 hours.

Seventy-three strongly-hybridizing plaques (1-73) were picked into 1 mL of PSB and stored at 4° C. overnight. 100 μL of each was then aliquoted into a microtitre tray as an ordered array.

XL1-Blue MRF′ cells were added to 10 mL of molten NZY top agar, poured onto NZY plates (15 cm diameter) and allowed to set A replica plating device was used to transfer the 73 phage isolates in an ordered array onto the NZY plate previously inoculated with the XL1-Blue MRF′ cells. After incubation at 37° C. for 6 hours followed by 4° C. overnight, triplicate lifts (arrays 1, 2 and 3) were taken onto Colony/Plaque Screen™filters (DuPont) and treated as recommended by the manufacturer.

Prior to hybridization, the duplicate plaque lifts were treated as described in Example 24.

The 3 arrays were screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of a) an EcoRI/SalI fragment covering the 5′ end of the rose R4 cDNA clone, b) an EcoRI/ClaI fragment covering the 5′ end of the rose R4 cDNA clone or c) an EcoRI fragment of the entire rose R4 cDNA clone using the hybridisation and washing conditions described above, except that the final wash was in 0.1×SSC, 0.1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 30 minutes. The filters were exposed to Kodak XAR film with an intensifying screen at −70° C. for 16 hours.

All 73 plaques hybridised with the full R4 cDNA clone (EcoRI fragment) whilst a total of only 17 hybridised with the 5′ end of the R4 cDNA clone (either EcoRI/SalI or the EcoRI/ClaI fragments). The 17 phage isolates were rescreened as described above to isolate purified plaques. Pure plaques were Stained from 9 out of the 17 (2, 4, 26, 27, 34, 38, 43, 44, 56). The plasmids contained in the λZAP bacteriophage vector were rescued and the sizes of the cDNA inserts were determined using an EcoRI digestion. The cDNA inserts ranged from 0.9 kb to 1.9 kb. Of the nine, only #34 (named pCGP2158) and #38 (named pCGP2159) contained cDNA inserts of approximately 1.9 kb. Sequence data were generated from the 3′ and 5′ ends of the cDNA inserts and showed that clones #34 and #38 represented the same gene.

The complete sequence of the rose cDNA clone (#34) contained in the plasmid pCGP2158 was determined by compilation of sequence from different pUC18 subclones obtained using standard procedures for the generation of randomly-overlapping clones (Sambrook et al., 1989). The sequence (SEQ ID NO:14) contained an open reading frame of 1696 bases which encodes a putative polypeptide of 520 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:15).

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the rose F3′H #34 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:15) were compared whit those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clones (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2) and the snapdragon sd F3′H clone (SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:6). The rose F3′H #34 cDNA clone showed 64.7% similarity, over 1651 nucleotides and 72.7% similarity, over 509 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 cDNA clone, and 67.2% similarity, over 1507 nucleotides, and 68.9 similarity, over 502 amino acids, to that of the snapdragon sdF3′H clone.

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in FIGS. 20(i)-(v) and in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. Tables 7-11 are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

EXAMPLE 26 Stable Expression of the Rose F3′H cDNA Clone (#34) in Petunia Petals—Complementation of a ht1/ht1 Petunia Cultivar

Preparation of pCGP2166

Plasmid pCGP2166 (FIG. 16) was constructed by cloning the cDNA insert from pCGP2158 in a “sense” orientation behind the Mac promoter (Comai et al., 1990) of pCGP293 (Brugliera et al., 1994). The plasmid pCGP2158 was digested with EcoRI to release the cDNA insert. The overhanging 5′ ends were filled in using DNA polymerase (Klenow fragment) (Sambrook et al., 1989). The cDNA fragment was isolated and ligated with filled in BamHI ends of the pCGP293 binary vector. Correct insertion of the fragment in pCGP2166 was established by restriction enzyme analysis of DNA isolated from gentamycin-resistant transformants.

The binary vector pCGP2166 was introduced into A. tumefaciens strain AGL0 cells, as described in Example 9. The pCGP166/AGL0 cells were then used to transform Skr4×SW63 petunia plants (also described in Example 9), to test for stable expression and activity of the enzyme encoded by the gene corresponding to the rose #34 cDNA clone.

EXAMPLE 27 Transgenic Plant Phenotype Analysis

pCGP2166 in Skr4×SW63

The expression of the introduced rose F3′H cDNA in the Skr4×SW63 hybrid had a marked effect on flower colour. The stamen tissue of the non-transgenic control is white, whereas the same tissue in most of the transgenic plants was pink. In addition, expression of the rose F3′H cDNA in the Skr4×SW63 hybrid conferred a dark pink hue (RHSCC# 64° C. and 74° C.) to the corolla, which is normally pale lilac (RHSCC# 75C). The colour codes are taken from the Royal Horticultural Society's Colour Chart (RHSCC). They provide an alternative means by which to describe the colour phenotypes observed. The designated numbers, however, should be taken only as a guide to the perceived colours and should not be regarded as limiting the possible colours which may be obtained.

Acid-hydrolysed floral extracts (see Example 11) were run in a Forestal solvent system (HOAc:water:HCl; 30:10:3) (Markham, 1982). The 3′ hydroxylated flavonoids, peonidin and quercetin, were readily detected in the petal limbs of the transgenic plants. Only kaempferol and a small amount of malvidin were detected in the non-transgenic Skr4×SW63 control.

The accumulation of the 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanidin, peonidin and the flavonol, quercetin, in the petals of the transgenic Skr4×SW63/pCGP2166 plants correlated with the pink and dark pink colours observed in the petals of the same plants.

Preparation of pCGP2169

The binary construct pCGP2169 (FIG. 17) was prepared by cloning the cDNA insert from pCGP2158 in a “sense” orientation between the CaMV35S promoter (Franck et al., 1980; Guilley et al., 1982) and ocs terminator (De Greve et al., 1982). The plasmid pCGP1634 contained a CaMV35S promoter, β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene encoded by the E. coli uidA locus (Jefferson et al., 1987) and ocs terminator region in a pUC19 vector. The plasmid pCGP2158 was digested with NcoI/XbaI to release the cDNA insert. The plasmid pCGP1634 was also digested with NcoI/XbaI to release the backbone vector containing the CaMV35S promoter and the ocs terminator. The fragments were isolated and ligated together to produce pCGP2167. The plasmid pCGP2167 was subsequently digested with PyuII to release the expression cassette containing the CaMV35S promoter, the rose F3′H cDNA clone and the ocs termintor. This expression cassette fragment was isolated and ligated with SmaI ends of pWTT2132 binary vector (DNA Plant Technology Corporation; Oakland, Calif.) to produce pCGP2169 (FIG. 17).

The binary vector pCGP2169 was introduced into A. tumefaciens strain AGL0 cells, as described in Example 9. The pCGP2169/AGL0 cells are used to transform rose plants, to reduce the amount of 3′-hydroxylated flavonoids.

EXAMPLE 28 Isolation of a Putative F3′H cDNA Clone from Chrysanthemum

In order to isolate a chrysanthemum F3′H cDNA clone, a chrysanthemum cv. Red Minstral petal cDNA library was screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of the petunia Ht1 cDNA clone (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805.

Construction of a Petal cDNA Library from Chrysanthemum cv. Red Minstral

Total RNA was prepared from the petals (stages 3 to 5) of chrysanthemum cv. Red Minstral using Trizol™reagent (Life Technologies) (Chomczynski and Sacchi, 1987) according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Poly(A)⁺ RNA was enriched from the total RNA, using a mRNA isolation kit (Pharmacia) which relies on oligo-(dT) affinity spun-column chromatography.

A Superscript™cDNA synthesis kit (Life Technologies) was used to construct a petal cDNA library in ZipLox using 5 μg of poly(A)+ RNA isolated from stages 3 to 5 of Red Minstral as template.

30,000 pfus of the library were plated onto LB plates (Sambrook et al., 1989) at a density of 3,000 pfus per 15 cm plate after transfecting Y1090r-, and incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. After incubation at 4° C. for one hour, duplicate lifts were taken onto Hybond N+™filters (Amersham) and treated as recommended by the manufacturer.

Screening of the Red Minstral DNA Library

The duplicate lifts from the Red Minstral petal cDNA library were screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of the 1.8 kb Asp718/BamHI insert from pCGP1805.

Hybridization conditions included a prehybridization step in 1 mM EDTA (pH8.0), 0.5MNa₂HPO₄ (pH7.2), 7% (w/v) SDS (Church and Gilbert, 1984) at 65° C. for at least 1 hour. The ³²P-labelled fragments (1×10⁶ cpm/mL) were then added to the hybridization solution and hybridization was continued at 65° C. for a further 16 hours. The filters were then washed in 2×SSC, 0.1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 2×1 hour and exposed to Kodak BioMax™film with an intensifying screen at −70° C. for 48 hours.

Eight strongly-hybridizing plaques were picked into PSB (Sambrook et al., 1989). Of these, 2 (RM6i and RM6ii) were rescreened to isolate purified plaques, using the hybridization conditions as described for the initial screening of the cDNA library. The plasmids contained in the λZipLox bacteriophage vector were rescued according to the manufacturer's protocol and sequence data was generated from the 3′ and 5′ ends of the cDNA inserts. The partial sequences of the RM6i and RM6ii cDNA inserts were compared with the complete sequence of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone. The RM6i cDNA clone showed relatively high sequence similarity with that of the petunia OGR-38 cDNA clone, and was further characterised.

The RM6i cDNA insert contained in pCHRM1 was released upon digestion with EcoRI and was approximately 1.68 kb. The complete sequence of RM6i cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:16) contained in the plasmid pCHRM1 was determined by compilation of sequence from subclones of the RM6i cDNA insert.

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the chrysanthemum RM6i cDNA insert (SEQ ID NO:16 and SEQ ID NO:17) were compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2). The sequence of the chrysanthemum RM6i cDNA insert showed 68.5% similarity, over 1532 nucleotides, and 73.6% similarity, over 511 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H₁ cDNA clone.

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in FIGS. 20(i)-(v) and in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. Tables 7-11 are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

Conduction of pLN85 (Antisense Binary)

A plasmid designated pLN84 was constructed by cloning the RM6i cDNA insert from pCHRM1 in the “antisense” orientation behind the complete CaMV35S promoter contained in pART7 (Gleave 1992). The plasmid pCHRM1 was digested with NotI to release the cDNA insert. The RM6i cDNA fragment was blunt-ended using T4 DNA polymerase (Sambrook et al., 1989) and purified, following agarose gel electrophoresis and GELase (Epicentre Technologies). The purified fragment was ligated with SmaI ends of the pART7 shuttle vector to produce pLN84. The plasmid pLN84 was subsequently digested with NotI to release the expression cassette containing CaMV35S: RM6i cDNA: ocs. The expression cassette was isolated as a single fragment and ligated with NotI ends of the pART727 binary vector (Gleave, 1992) to produce pLN85 (FIG. 18). Correct insertion of the fragment was established by restriction enzyme analysis of DNA isolated from streptomycin-resistant E.coli transformants.

The binary vector pLN85 is introduced into chrysanthemum plants via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, as described in Ledger et al, 1991), to reduce the amount of 3′-hydroxylated flavonoids.

EXAMPLE 29 Isolation of a Putative F3′H cDNA Clone from Torenia fournieri

In order to isolate a torenia F3′H cDNA clone, the petunia Ht1-linked F3′H cDNA clone (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805, was used to screen a Torenia fournieri cv. Summer Wave petal cDNA library, under low stringency conditions.

Construction of Torenia fournieri cv. Summer Wave Petal cDNA Library

A directional petal cDNA library was prepared from Summer Wave flowers, essentially as described in Example 4.

Screening of Summer Wave Petal cDNA Library

Lifts of a total of 200,000 of the amplified Summer Wave petal cDNA library were screened with DIG-labelled fragments of the 1.8 kb OGR-38 cDNA insert from pCGP1805. A DIG DNA labelling and detection kit from Boehringer-Mannheim was used according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Hybridizations were carried out in 30% (v/v) formamide, 5×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 37° C. for 16 hours. The filters were then washed in 5×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 1 hour.

The signals were visualized following the protocol of the DIG DNA labelling and detection kit.

Twelve strongly-hybridizing plaques were picked into PSB and rescreened to isolate pure plaques. The plasmids contained in the λZAPII bacteriophage vector were rescued and digested with EcoRI/XhoI to release the cDNA inserts. Most of the twelve clones contained cDNA inserts of approximately 1.8 kb. One clone, THT52, contained the longest 5′ non-coding-region sequence. The complete sequence of the torenia cDNA clone (THT52), contained in the plasmid pTHT52, was determined by compilation of sequence from different pUC18 subclones obtained using standard procedures for the generation of randomly-overlapping clones (Sambrook et al., 1989). The sequence (SEQ ID NO:18) contained an open reading frame of 1524 bases which encodes a putative polypeptide of 508 amino acids (SEQ ID NO:19).

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the torenia TH₁T2 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:18 and SEQ ID NO:19) were compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2). The torenia THT52 cDNA clone showed 63.6% similarity, over 1694 nucleotides, and 67.4% similarity, over 515 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 cDNA clone.

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in Table 7 and in Tables 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, respectively. These Tables are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

EXAMPLE 30 The 3′H Assay of the Torenia THT cDNA Clone Expressed in Yeast Construction of pYTMT6

The plasmid pYTHT6 (FIG. 19) was constructed by cloning the cDNA insert from pTHT6 in a “sense” orientation behind the yeast glyceraldebyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter of pYE22m (Tanaka et al., 1988). The plasmid pTHT6 contained the THT6 cDNA clone. THT6 is identical to THT52, except that its 5′ non-coding region is 75 bp shorter.

The 1.7 kb THT6 cDNA insert was released from the plasmid pTHT6 upon digestion with EcoI/XhoI. The THT6 cDNA fragment was isolated, purified and ligated with EcoRI/SalI ends of pYE22m to produce pYTHT6.

Yeast transformation, preparation of yeast extracts and the F3′H assay are described in Example 6.

F3′H activity was detected in extracts of G1315/pYTHT6, but not in extracts of non-transgenic yeast. From this it was concluded that the THT6 cDNA insert contained in pYTHT6, encoded a F3′H.

EXAMPLE 31 Isolation of a Putative F3′H cDNA Clone from Pharbitis nil (Japanese Morning Glory)

In order to isolate a morning glory F3′H cDNA clone, the petunia Ht1-linked F3′H cDNA clone (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805, was used to screen a Japanese morning glory petal cDNA library, under low stringency conditions.

Construction of Japanese Morning Glory Petal cDNA Library

The petal cDNA library from young petals of Pharbitis nil (Japanese morning glory) was obtained from Dr Iida (National Institute of Basic Biology, Japan).

Screening of Japanese Morning Glory Petal cDNA Library

Lifts or a total of 200,000 of the amplified Japanese morning glory petal cDNA library were screened with DIG-labelled fragments of the 1.8 kb OGR-38 cDNA insert from pCGP1805. A DIG DNA labelling and detection kit from Boehringer-Mannheim was used according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Hybridizations were carried out in 30% (v/v) formamide, 5×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 37° C. for 16 hours. The filters were then washed in 5×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 1 hour. The signals were visualized following the protocol of the DIG DNA labelling and detection kit.

Twenty strongly-hybridizing plaques were picked into PSB and rescreened to isolate pure plaques. The plasmids contained in the λZAPII bacteriophage vector were rescued and digested with EcoRI/XhoI to release the cDNA inserts. One clone (MHT85) contained a 1.8 kb insert. The complete sequence of the Japanese morning glory cDNA clone (MHT85) (SEQ ID NO:20), contained in the plasmid pMHT85, was determined by compilation of sequence from different pUC18 subclones obtained using standard procedures for the generation of randomly-overlapping clones (Sambrook et al., 1989). The MHT85 sequence appears to be 5 bases short of “full-lent”.

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the Japanese morning glory MHT85 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:20 and SEQ ID NO:21) were compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2). The Japanese morning glory MHT85 cDNA clone showed 69.6% similarity, over 869 nucleotides, and 74.8% similarity, over 515 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 cDNA clone.

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in FIGS. 20(i)-(v) and in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. Tables 7-11 are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

EXAMPLE 32 Isolation of a Putative F3′H cDNA Clone from Gentiana triflora

In order to isolate a gentian F3′H cDNA clone, the petunia Ht1-link F3′4 cDNA clone (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805, was used to screen a Gentiana triflora Pall. var japonica Hara petal cDNA library, under low stringency conditions.

Construction of Gentian Petal cDNA Library

A petal cDNA library was prepared from Gentiana triflora Pall. var japonica Hara flowers, as described by Tanaka et al., 1996.

Screening of Gentian Petal cDNA Library

Lifts of a total of 200,000 of the amplified gentian petal cDNA library were screened with DIG-labelled fragments of the 1.8 kb OGR-38 cDNA insert from pCGP1805. A DIG DNA labelling and detection kit from Boehringer-Mannheim was used according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

Hybridizations were carried out in 30% (v/v) formamide, 5×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 37° C. for 16 hours. The filters were then washed in 5×SSC, 1% (w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 1 hour. The signals were visualized following the protocol of the DIG DNA labelling land detection kit.

Fifteen strongly-hybridizing plaques were picked into PSB and rescreened to isolate pure plaques. The plasmids contained in the λZAPII bacteriophage vector were rescued and digested with EcoRI/XboI to release the cDNA inserts. One clone (GHT13) contained a 1.8 kb insert The sequence of the partial gentian cDNA clone (GHT13) (SEQ ID NO:22), contained in the plasmid pGHT13, was determined by compilation of sequence from different pUC18 subclones obtained using standard procedures for the generation of randomly-overlapping clones (Sambrook et al 1989).

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the gentian GHT13 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:22 and SEQ ID NO:23) were compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone. The gentian GHT13 cDNA clone showed 68.3% similarity, over 1519 nucleotides, and 71.8% similarity, over 475 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 cDNA clone.

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in FIGS. 20(i)-(v) and in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. Tables 7-11 are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

EXAMPLE 33 Isolation of Putative F3′H cDNA Clone from Lisianthus

In order to isolate a lisianthus F3′H cDNA clone, the petunia Ht1-linked F3′H cDNA clone EA (OGR-38), contained in pCGP1805, was used to screen a lisianthus petal cDNA library, under low stringency conditions.

Construction and Screening of Lisianthus Petal cDNA Library

10,000 pfus of a lisianthus petal cDNA library described by Davies et al. (1993) and Markham and Offman (1993) were plated onto LB plates (Sambrook et al., 1989) at a density of 3,000 pfus per 15 cm plate after transfecting Y1090r-, and incubated at 37° C. for 16 hours. After incubation at 4° C. for one hour, duplicate lifts were taken onto Hybond N+™filters (Amersham) and treated as recommended by the manufacturer.

The duplicate lifts from the lisianthus line #54 petal cDNA library were screened with ³²P-labelled fragments of the 1.8 kb AsP718/BAmHI insert from pCGP1805.

Hybridization conditions included a prehybridization step in 1 mM EDTA (pH8.0), 0.5MNa₂HPO₄ (pH7.2), 7% (w/v) SDS (Church and Gilbert, 1984) at 55° C. for at least 1 hour. The ³²P-labelled fragments (1×10⁶ cpm/mL) were then added to the hybridization solution and hybridization was continued at 55° C. for a further 16 hours. The filters were then washed in 2×SSC, 0.1% (w/v) SDS at 55° C. for 2×15 minutes, and exposed to Kodak BioMax™film with an intensifying screen at −70° C. for 18 hours.

Twelve strongly-hybridizing plaques were picked into PSB (Sambrook et al., 1989) and rescreened to isolate purified plaques, using the hybridization conditions as described for the initial screening of the cDNA library. Sequence data were generated from the 3′ and 5′ ends of the cDNA inserts of four clones.

Based on sequence comparisons, pL3-6 showed similarity with the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone and was further characterised.

The 2.2 kb cDNA insert, contained in pL3-6, was subsequently found to contain 3 truncated cDNA clones, the longest (L3-6) having high sequence similarity to the petunia OGR-38 cDNA sequence. The sequence of this L3-6 partial cDNA clone contained in the plasmid pL3-6 was determined by compilation of sequence from subclones of the L3-6 cDNA insert (SEQ ID NO:24).

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the lisianthus L3-6 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:24 and SEQ ID NO:25) were compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2). The sequence of the lisianthus L3-6 cDNA clone showed 71.4% similarity, over 1087 nucleotides, and 74.6% similarity, over 362 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone.

An alignment of the petunia, carnation, snapdragon, arabidopsis, rose, chrysanthemum and torenia sequences, all of which are disclosed in this specification, and various summaries of comparisons of sequence similarities among the nucleotide and corresponding amino acid sequences, can be found in FIGS. 20(i)-(v) and in Tables 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 respectively. Tables 7-11 are in Example 34, at the end of the specification.

Further investigation of the remaining clones isolated from the screening of the lisianthus library identified another putative F3′H cDNA clone (L3-10), contained in the plasmid pL3-10. The L3-10 cDNA insert is approximately 1.8 kb and appears to represent a “full-length” clone.

EXAMPLE 34 Alignments and Comparisons Among Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences Disclosed Herein

Multiple sequence alignments were performed using the ClustalW program as described in Example 3. FIG. 20(i)-(v) provide a multiple sequence alignment of the predicted amino acid sequences of petunia OGR-38 (A) (SEQ ID NO:2); carnation (B) (SEQ ID NO:4); snapdragon (C) (SEQ ID NO:6); arabidopsis Tt7 coding region (D) (SEQ ID NO:42); rose (E) (SEQ ID NO:15) chrysanthemum (F) (SEQ ID NO:17); torenia (G) (SEQ ID NO:19); morning glory (H) (SEQ ID NO:21); gentian (partial sequence) (I) (SEQ ID NO:23); lisianthus (partial sequence) (J) (SEQ ID NO:25) and the petunia 651 cDNA (K) (SEQ ID NO:41). Conserved amino acids are shown in bolded capital letters and are boxed and shaded. Similar amino acids are shown in capital letters and are only lightly shaded, and dissimilar amino acids are shown in lower case letters.

The nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of the rose F3′H; #34 cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:15) were compared with those of the petunia OGR-38 F3′H cDNA clone (SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:2) and the snapdragon sd F3′H clone (SEQ ID NO:5 and SEQ ID NO:6). The rose F3′H #34 cDNA clone showed 64.7% similarity, over 1651 nucleotides and 72.7% similarity, over 509 amino acids, to that of the petunia OGR-38 cDNA clone, and 67.2% similarity, over 1507 nucleotides, and 68.9 similarity, over 502 amino acids, to that of the snapdragon sdF3′H clone.

Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the F3′H cDNA clones from the above mentioned species and the coding region of the genomic clone from arabidopsis were compared using the LFASTA program, as described in Example 3. Summaries of similarity comparisons are presented in Tables 8 to 12, below.

TABLE 7 Percentage of sequence similarity between F3′H sequence of petunia OGR-38 and F3′H sequences from other species and other P450 molecules Number of % similarity to OGR-38/ % similarity to OGR-38/ Number of amino acids no. nt no. aa Species/Clone nucleotides (nt) (aa) (area of similarity) (area of similarity) Petunia OGR-38 1789nt 512aa Snapdragon 11711nt 512aa 69.0%/1573nt 72.2%/507aa F3′H cDNA (19-1578) (1-504) Arabidopsis partial 971nt 270aa 64.7%/745nt 63.7%/248aa F3′H cDNA (854-1853) (269-510) Arabidopsis Tt7 coding 1774nt 513aa 65.4%/1066nt 67.1%/511aa region Carnation 1745nt 496aa 67.3%/1555nt 71.5%/488aa F3′H cDNA (28-1571) (17-503) Rose 1748nt 513aa 64.7%/165nt 72.7%/509aa F3′H cDNA (56-1699) (7-510) Gentian 1667nt 476aa 68.3%/1519nt 71.8%/475aa partial F3′H cDNA (170-1673) (40-510) Morning Glory 1824nt 517aa 69.6%/869nt 74.8%/515aa F3′H cDNA (60-1000) (3-503) Chrysanthemum 1660nt 508aa 68.5%/1532nt 73.6%/511aa F3′H cDNA (50-1580) (1-510) Lisianthus 1214nt 363aa 71.4%/1087nt 74.6%/362aa partial F3′H cDNA (520-1590) (160-510) Torenia 1815nt 508aa 63.6%/1694nt 67.4%/515aa F3′H cDNA (90-1780) (1-510) Petunia Hf1 1812nt 508aa 58.9%/1471nt 49.9%/513aa cDNA (29-1474) (1-511) Petunia Hf2 1741nt 508aa 58.9%/1481nt 49.1%/511aa cDNA (37-1498) (3-510) Petunia 651 1716nt 496aa 53.5%/1284nt 38.0%/502aa cDNA (50-1309) (7-503) Mung Bean 1766nt 505aa 56.0%/725nt 29.2%/511aa C4H cDNA (703-1406) (1-503)

TABLE 8 Percentage of sequence similarity between F3′H sequence of Snapdragon and F3′H sequences from other species and other P450 molecules Number of Number of nucleotides amino % similarity to % similarity to Species/Clone (nt) acids (aa) snapdragon/no. nt snapdragon/no. aa Snapdragon 1711nt 512aa Petunia OGR-38 1789nt 512aa 69.0%/1573nt 72.2%/507aa F3′H cDNA Arabidopsis 971nt 270aa 64.5%/740nt 60.4%/240aa partial F3′H cDNA Carnation 1745nt 496aa 66.7%/1455nt 68.4%/487aa F3′H cDNA Torenia 1815nt 508aa 67.6%/1603nt 70.3%/505aa F3′H cDNA Rose 1748nt 513aa 67.2%/1507nt 68.9%/502aa F3′H cDNA Petunia Hf1 1812nt 508aa 57.3%/1563nt 49.3%/491aa cDNA Petunia Hf2 1741nt 508aa 57.7%/1488nt 47.8%/508aa cDNA Petunia 651 1716nt 496aa 54.4%/1527nt 39.0%/493aa cDNA Mung Bean 1766nt 505aa 50.6%/1344nt 32.0%/490aa C4H cDNA

TABLE 9 Percentage of sequence similarity between F3′H sequence of Arabidopsis and F3′H sequences from other species and other P450 molecules Number of Number of nucleotides amino % similarity to % similarity to Species/Clone (nt) acids (aa) Arabidopsis/no. nt Arabidopsis/no. aa Arabidopsis 971nt 270aa Petunia OGR-38 1789nt 512aa 64.7%/745nt 63.7%/245% F3′H cDNA Snapdragon 1711nt 512aa 64.5%/740nt 60.4%/240aa F3′H CDNA Carnation 1745nt 496aa 64.7%/782nt 60.6%/241aa F3′H cDNA Rose 1748nt 513aa 68.5%/739nt 63.7%/248aa F3′H cDNA Petunia 651 1716nt 496aa 57.0%/521nt 40.5%/227aa cDNA Petunia Hf1 1812nt 508aa 58.2%/632nt 46.5%/243aa cDNA Petunia Hf2 1741nt 508aa 57.4%/632nt 46.1%/243aa cDNA

TABLE 10 Percentage of sequence similarity between F3′H sequence of Rose and F3′H sequences from other species and other P450 molecules Number of Number of % similarity % similarity nucleo- amino to Rose/ to Rose/ Species/clone tides (nt) acids (aa) no. nt no. aa Rose 1748bp 513aa Petunia OGR-38 1789bp 5123aa 64.7%/1651nt 72.7%/509aa Fe′H cDNA Snapdragon 1711bp 512aa 67.2%/1507 68.9%/502aa Fe′H cDNA Carnation 1745bp 496aa 67.4%/1517nt 72.6%/486aa Fe′H cDNA Arabidopsis 971bp 270aa 68.5%/739nt 63.7%/248aa partial F3′H cDNA Petunia 651 1716bp 496aa 53.1%/1182nt 37.8%/502aa cDNA Petunia Hf1 1812bp 506aa 57%/1366nt 49.9%/503aa cDNA Petunia Hf2 1741bp 508aa 57.3%/1331nt 49.1%/505aa cDNA Mung Bean 1766bp 505aa 52.4%/1502nt 32.0%/510aa C4H cDNA

TABLE 11 Percentage of sequence similarity between coding region of Arabidopsis tt7 genomic sequence and F3′H cDNA sequences from other species and other P450 molecules Number Number of of nucleo- amino % similarity to % similarity to tides acids Arabidopsis Arabidopsis Species/Clone (nt) (aa) tt7/no. nt tt7/no. aa Arabidopsis Tt7 1774nt 513aa coding region Petunia OGR-38 1789nt 512aa 65.4%/1066nt 67.1%/511aa F3′H cDNA Snapdragon 1711nt 512aa 62.7%/990nt 64.9%/504aa F3′H cDNA Carnation 1745nt 496aa 63.2%/1050nt 65.9%/495aa F3′H cDNA Rose 1748nt 513aa 65.5%/1076nt 68%/512aa F3′H cDNA Petunia 651 1716nt 496aa 56.5%/990nt 36.5%/502aa cDNA Petunia Hf1 1812nt 506aa 56.8%/995nt 47.5%/509aa F3′H cDNA Petunia Hf2 1741nt 508aa 55.2%/1063nt 46.8%/509aa F3′H cDNA

Those skilled in the art, will appreciate that the invention described herein is susceptible to variations and modifications other than those specifically described. It is to be understood that the invention includes all such variations and modifications. The invention also includes all of the steps, features, compositions and compounds referred to or indicated in this specification, individually or collectively, and any and all combinations of any two or more of said steps or features.

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45 1 1789 DNA Petunia x hybrida CDS (50)..(1588) 1 gcaggaattg gtgaacccca tagaagtaaa atactcctat ctttatttc atg gaa atc 58 Met Glu Ile 1 tta agc cta att ctg tac acc gtc att ttc tca ttt ctt cta caa ttc 106 Leu Ser Leu Ile Leu Tyr Thr Val Ile Phe Ser Phe Leu Leu Gln Phe 5 10 15 att ctt aga tca ttt ttc cgt aaa cgt tac cct tta cca tta cca cca 154 Ile Leu Arg Ser Phe Phe Arg Lys Arg Tyr Pro Leu Pro Leu Pro Pro 20 25 30 35 ggt cca aaa cca tgg cca att ata gga aac cta gtc cat ctt gga ccc 202 Gly Pro Lys Pro Trp Pro Ile Ile Gly Asn Leu Val His Leu Gly Pro 40 45 50 aaa cca cat caa tca act gca gcc atg gct caa act tat gga cca ctc 250 Lys Pro His Gln Ser Thr Ala Ala Met Ala Gln Thr Tyr Gly Pro Leu 55 60 65 atg tat ctt aag atg ggg ttc gta gac gtg gtg gtt gca gcc tcg gca 298 Met Tyr Leu Lys Met Gly Phe Val Asp Val Val Val Ala Ala Ser Ala 70 75 80 tcg gtt gca gct cag ttc ttg aaa act cat gat gct aat ttc tcg agc 346 Ser Val Ala Ala Gln Phe Leu Lys Thr His Asp Ala Asn Phe Ser Ser 85 90 95 cgt cca cca aat tct ggt gca gaa cat atg gct tat aat tat cag gat 394 Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Glu His Met Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp 100 105 110 115 ctt gtt ttt gca cct tat gga cct aga tgg cgt atg ctt agg aaa att 442 Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Met Leu Arg Lys Ile 120 125 130 tgc tca gtt cac ctt ttc tct acc aag gct tta gat gac ttc cgc cat 490 Cys Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Thr Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp Phe Arg His 135 140 145 gtc cgc cag gat gaa gtg aaa aca ctg acg cgc gca cta gca agt gca 538 Val Arg Gln Asp Glu Val Lys Thr Leu Thr Arg Ala Leu Ala Ser Ala 150 155 160 ggc caa aag cca gtc aaa tta ggt cag tta ttg aac gtg tgc acg acg 586 Gly Gln Lys Pro Val Lys Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Asn Val Cys Thr Thr 165 170 175 aac gca ctc gcg cga gta atg cta ggt aag cga gta ttt gcc gac gga 634 Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg Val Met Leu Gly Lys Arg Val Phe Ala Asp Gly 180 185 190 195 agt ggc gat gtt gat cca caa gcg gcg gag ttc aag tca atg gtg gtg 682 Ser Gly Asp Val Asp Pro Gln Ala Ala Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val Val 200 205 210 gaa atg atg gta gtc gcc ggt gtt ttt aac att ggt gat ttt att ccg 730 Glu Met Met Val Val Ala Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro 215 220 225 caa ctt aat tgg tta gat att caa ggt gta gcc gct aaa atg aag aag 778 Gln Leu Asn Trp Leu Asp Ile Gln Gly Val Ala Ala Lys Met Lys Lys 230 235 240 ctc cac gcg cgt ttc gac gcg ttc ttg act gat ata ctt gaa gag cat 826 Leu His Ala Arg Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Thr Asp Ile Leu Glu Glu His 245 250 255 aag ggt aaa att ttt gga gaa atg aaa gat ttg ttg agt act ttg atc 874 Lys Gly Lys Ile Phe Gly Glu Met Lys Asp Leu Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile 260 265 270 275 tct ctt aaa aat gat gat gcg gat aat gat gga ggg aaa ctc act gat 922 Ser Leu Lys Asn Asp Asp Ala Asp Asn Asp Gly Gly Lys Leu Thr Asp 280 285 290 aca gaa att aaa gca tta ctt ttg aac ttg ttt gta gct gga aca gac 970 Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Val Ala Gly Thr Asp 295 300 305 aca tct tct agt aca gtt gaa tgg gcc att gct gag ctt att cgt aat 1018 Thr Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg Asn 310 315 320 cca aaa ata cta gcc caa gcc cag caa gag atc gac aaa gtc gtt gga 1066 Pro Lys Ile Leu Ala Gln Ala Gln Gln Glu Ile Asp Lys Val Val Gly 325 330 335 agg gac cgg cta gtt ggc gaa ttg gac cta gcc caa ttg aca tac ttg 1114 Arg Asp Arg Leu Val Gly Glu Leu Asp Leu Ala Gln Leu Thr Tyr Leu 340 345 350 355 gaa gct ata gtc aag gaa acc ttt cgg ctt cat cca tca acc cct ctt 1162 Glu Ala Ile Val Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu 360 365 370 tca ctt cct aga att gca tct gag agt tgt gag atc aat ggc tat ttc 1210 Ser Leu Pro Arg Ile Ala Ser Glu Ser Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr Phe 375 380 385 att cca aaa ggc tca acg ctt ctc ctt aat gtt tgg gcc att gct cgt 1258 Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Leu Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg 390 395 400 gat cca aat gca tgg gct gat cca ttg gag ttt agg cct gaa agg ttt 1306 Asp Pro Asn Ala Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro Glu Arg Phe 405 410 415 ttg cca gga ggt gag aag ccc aaa gtt gat gtc cgt ggg aat gac ttt 1354 Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Lys Val Asp Val Arg Gly Asn Asp Phe 420 425 430 435 gaa gtc ata cca ttt gga gct gga cgt agg att tgt gct gga atg aat 1402 Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Asn 440 445 450 ttg ggt ata cgt atg gtc cag ttg atg att gca act tta ata cat gca 1450 Leu Gly Ile Arg Met Val Gln Leu Met Ile Ala Thr Leu Ile His Ala 455 460 465 ttt aac tgg gat ttg gtc agt gga caa ttg ccg gag atg ttg aat atg 1498 Phe Asn Trp Asp Leu Val Ser Gly Gln Leu Pro Glu Met Leu Asn Met 470 475 480 gaa gaa gca tat ggg ctg acc tta caa cgg gct gat cca ttg gtt gtg 1546 Glu Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Asp Pro Leu Val Val 485 490 495 cac cca agg cct cgc tta gaa gcc caa gcg tac att ggg tga 1588 His Pro Arg Pro Arg Leu Glu Ala Gln Ala Tyr Ile Gly 500 505 510 gcagcaacag cccatggaga taacatgagt gttaaatgta tgagtctcca tatcttgttt 1648 agtttgttta tgctttggat ttagtagttt ttatattgat agatcaatgt ttgcattgtc 1708 agtaagaata tccgttgctt gtttcattaa ctccaggtgg acaataaaag aagtaatttg 1768 tatgaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa a 1789 2 512 PRT Petunia x hybrida 2 Met Glu Ile Leu Ser Leu Ile Leu Tyr Thr Val Ile Phe Ser Phe Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Gln Phe Ile Leu Arg Ser Phe Phe Arg Lys Arg Tyr Pro Leu Pro 20 25 30 Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Lys Pro Trp Pro Ile Ile Gly Asn Leu Val His 35 40 45 Leu Gly Pro Lys Pro His Gln Ser Thr Ala Ala Met Ala Gln Thr Tyr 50 55 60 Gly Pro Leu Met Tyr Leu Lys Met Gly Phe Val Asp Val Val Val Ala 65 70 75 80 Ala Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Ala Gln Phe Leu Lys Thr His Asp Ala Asn 85 90 95 Phe Ser Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Glu His Met Ala Tyr Asn 100 105 110 Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Met Leu 115 120 125 Arg Lys Ile Cys Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Thr Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp 130 135 140 Phe Arg His Val Arg Gln Asp Glu Val Lys Thr Leu Thr Arg Ala Leu 145 150 155 160 Ala Ser Ala Gly Gln Lys Pro Val Lys Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Asn Val 165 170 175 Cys Thr Thr Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg Val Met Leu Gly Lys Arg Val Phe 180 185 190 Ala Asp Gly Ser Gly Asp Val Asp Pro Gln Ala Ala Glu Phe Lys Ser 195 200 205 Met Val Val Glu Met Met Val Val Ala Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp 210 215 220 Phe Ile Pro Gln Leu Asn Trp Leu Asp Ile Gln Gly Val Ala Ala Lys 225 230 235 240 Met Lys Lys Leu His Ala Arg Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Thr Asp Ile Leu 245 250 255 Glu Glu His Lys Gly Lys Ile Phe Gly Glu Met Lys Asp Leu Leu Ser 260 265 270 Thr Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Asn Asp Asp Ala Asp Asn Asp Gly Gly Lys 275 280 285 Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Val Ala 290 295 300 Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu 305 310 315 320 Ile Arg Asn Pro Lys Ile Leu Ala Gln Ala Gln Gln Glu Ile Asp Lys 325 330 335 Val Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Leu Val Gly Glu Leu Asp Leu Ala Gln Leu 340 345 350 Thr Tyr Leu Glu Ala Ile Val Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser 355 360 365 Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Ile Ala Ser Glu Ser Cys Glu Ile Asn 370 375 380 Gly Tyr Phe Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Leu Asn Val Trp Ala 385 390 395 400 Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro Asn Ala Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro 405 410 415 Glu Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Lys Val Asp Val Arg Gly 420 425 430 Asn Asp Phe Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala 435 440 445 Gly Met Asn Leu Gly Ile Arg Met Val Gln Leu Met Ile Ala Thr Leu 450 455 460 Ile His Ala Phe Asn Trp Asp Leu Val Ser Gly Gln Leu Pro Glu Met 465 470 475 480 Leu Asn Met Glu Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Asp Pro 485 490 495 Leu Val Val His Pro Arg Pro Arg Leu Glu Ala Gln Ala Tyr Ile Gly 500 505 510 3 1737 DNA Dianthus caryophyllus CDS (172)..(1674) 3 aagttcggca cgagcgtcac attcacaccg tcacattact attcaaacca ctcattttct 60 acctctcttt tctacccacc aaaacaaaac aaaacaaaaa aaaacacata aaaaaactca 120 aaaaaaaatt ataatgtcac ccttagaggt aactttctac accatagtcc t atg cac 177 Met His 1 aat ctc tac tac ctc atc acc acc gtc ttc cgc ggc cac caa aaa ccg 225 Asn Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Ile Thr Thr Val Phe Arg Gly His Gln Lys Pro 5 10 15 ctt cct cca ggg cca cga cca tgg ccc atc gtg gga aac ctc cca cat 273 Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Arg Pro Trp Pro Ile Val Gly Asn Leu Pro His 20 25 30 atg ggc cag gca ccg cac cag ggc tta gca gcc ctg gcg caa aag tat 321 Met Gly Gln Ala Pro His Gln Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Gln Lys Tyr 35 40 45 50 ggc cct cta ttg tat atg aga ctg ggg tac gtg gac gtt gtt gtg gcc 369 Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Met Arg Leu Gly Tyr Val Asp Val Val Val Ala 55 60 65 gcc tca gcg tct gta gcg acc cag ttt ctt aag aca cat gac cta aat 417 Ala Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Thr Gln Phe Leu Lys Thr His Asp Leu Asn 70 75 80 ttt tcg agt agg cca ccg aat tcg ggg gct aaa cac att gct tat aac 465 Phe Ser Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Ile Ala Tyr Asn 85 90 95 tat caa gac ctt gtt ttt gca cct tat gga cct aaa tgg cgc atg ctt 513 Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Lys Trp Arg Met Leu 100 105 110 agg aaa att tgt tcc tta cac atg ttt tct tct aag gct ttg gac gat 561 Arg Lys Ile Cys Ser Leu His Met Phe Ser Ser Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp 115 120 125 130 ttt aga ctt gtc cgt cag gaa gaa gta tct ata ctg gta aat gcg ata 609 Phe Arg Leu Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Ser Ile Leu Val Asn Ala Ile 135 140 145 gca aaa gca gga aca aag cca gta caa cta gga caa cta ctc aac gtg 657 Ala Lys Ala Gly Thr Lys Pro Val Gln Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Asn Val 150 155 160 tgc acc aca aat gcc tta tcg agg gtg atg cta ggg aag cga gtt ctc 705 Cys Thr Thr Asn Ala Leu Ser Arg Val Met Leu Gly Lys Arg Val Leu 165 170 175 ggt gat ggc aca ggg aaa agc gac cca aaa gcc gag gaa ttt aag gac 753 Gly Asp Gly Thr Gly Lys Ser Asp Pro Lys Ala Glu Glu Phe Lys Asp 180 185 190 atg gtg ctg gag tta atg gtt ctc acc gga gtt ttt aac att ggc gat 801 Met Val Leu Glu Leu Met Val Leu Thr Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp 195 200 205 210 ttt gta ccg gca ttg gaa tgt cta gac tta caa ggt gtt gca tct aaa 849 Phe Val Pro Ala Leu Glu Cys Leu Asp Leu Gln Gly Val Ala Ser Lys 215 220 225 atg aag aaa tta cat aaa aga ctt gat aat ttt atg agt aac att ttg 897 Met Lys Lys Leu His Lys Arg Leu Asp Asn Phe Met Ser Asn Ile Leu 230 235 240 gag gaa cac aag agt gtt gca cat caa caa aat ggt gga gat ttg cta 945 Glu Glu His Lys Ser Val Ala His Gln Gln Asn Gly Gly Asp Leu Leu 245 250 255 agc att ttg ata tct ttg aag gat aat tgt gat ggt gaa ggt ggc aag 993 Ser Ile Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Asp Asn Cys Asp Gly Glu Gly Gly Lys 260 265 270 ttt agt gcc aca gaa att aag gcc ttg cta ttg gat tta ttt aca gct 1041 Phe Ser Ala Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asp Leu Phe Thr Ala 275 280 285 290 gga aca gac aca tca tct agt aca act gaa tgg gcc ata gcc gaa cta 1089 Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu 295 300 305 att cgc cat cca aaa atc tta gcc caa gtt caa caa gaa atg gac tca 1137 Ile Arg His Pro Lys Ile Leu Ala Gln Val Gln Gln Glu Met Asp Ser 310 315 320 gtc gtg ggc cga gac cga ctc ata gcc gaa gct gac ata ccg aac cta 1185 Val Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Leu Ile Ala Glu Ala Asp Ile Pro Asn Leu 325 330 335 acc tac ttc caa gcc gta atc aaa gag gtt ttc cga ctt cac ccg tcc 1233 Thr Tyr Phe Gln Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Val Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser 340 345 350 acc ccg ctt tcc cta cca cgg gtc gca aac gaa tcg tgc gaa ata aac 1281 Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Val Ala Asn Glu Ser Cys Glu Ile Asn 355 360 365 370 ggg tac cac att ccc aaa aac acc act tta ttg gta aat gtg tgg gcc 1329 Gly Tyr His Ile Pro Lys Asn Thr Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala 375 380 385 atc gca cgc gac cct gag gtt tgg gcc gac ccg tta gag ttt aaa ccc 1377 Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro Glu Val Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Lys Pro 390 395 400 gaa aga ttt ttg ccg ggc ggc gaa aag ccc aat gtg gat gtg aaa gga 1425 Glu Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Val Lys Gly 405 410 415 aac gat ttt gag ctg att ccg ttc ggg gcg ggc cga cgg att tgt gct 1473 Asn Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala 420 425 430 ggg ctg agt ttg ggc ctg cgt atg gtc cag ttg atg aca gcc act ttg 1521 Gly Leu Ser Leu Gly Leu Arg Met Val Gln Leu Met Thr Ala Thr Leu 435 440 445 450 gcc cat act tat gat tgg gcc tta gct gat ggg ctt atg ccc gaa aag 1569 Ala His Thr Tyr Asp Trp Ala Leu Ala Asp Gly Leu Met Pro Glu Lys 455 460 465 ctt aac atg gat gag gct tat ggg ctt acc tta cag cgt aag gtg cca 1617 Leu Asn Met Asp Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Lys Val Pro 470 475 480 cta atg gtc cac ccg acc cgt cgg ctc tcg gcc cgc gtt tat aat tcg 1665 Leu Met Val His Pro Thr Arg Arg Leu Ser Ala Arg Val Tyr Asn Ser 485 490 495 ggg ttt taa agcgggtact tttgttatgt attattccgt actagtttga 1714 Gly Phe * aaaataatgt attagagaaa atg 1737 4 500 PRT Dianthus caryophyllus 4 Met His Asn Leu Tyr Tyr Leu Ile Thr Thr Val Phe Arg Gly His Gln 1 5 10 15 Lys Pro Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Arg Pro Trp Pro Ile Val Gly Asn Leu 20 25 30 Pro His Met Gly Gln Ala Pro His Gln Gly Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Gln 35 40 45 Lys Tyr Gly Pro Leu Leu Tyr Met Arg Leu Gly Tyr Val Asp Val Val 50 55 60 Val Ala Ala Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Thr Gln Phe Leu Lys Thr His Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Asn Phe Ser Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Ile Ala 85 90 95 Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Lys Trp Arg 100 105 110 Met Leu Arg Lys Ile Cys Ser Leu His Met Phe Ser Ser Lys Ala Leu 115 120 125 Asp Asp Phe Arg Leu Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Ser Ile Leu Val Asn 130 135 140 Ala Ile Ala Lys Ala Gly Thr Lys Pro Val Gln Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu 145 150 155 160 Asn Val Cys Thr Thr Asn Ala Leu Ser Arg Val Met Leu Gly Lys Arg 165 170 175 Val Leu Gly Asp Gly Thr Gly Lys Ser Asp Pro Lys Ala Glu Glu Phe 180 185 190 Lys Asp Met Val Leu Glu Leu Met Val Leu Thr Gly Val Phe Asn Ile 195 200 205 Gly Asp Phe Val Pro Ala Leu Glu Cys Leu Asp Leu Gln Gly Val Ala 210 215 220 Ser Lys Met Lys Lys Leu His Lys Arg Leu Asp Asn Phe Met Ser Asn 225 230 235 240 Ile Leu Glu Glu His Lys Ser Val Ala His Gln Gln Asn Gly Gly Asp 245 250 255 Leu Leu Ser Ile Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Asp Asn Cys Asp Gly Glu Gly 260 265 270 Gly Lys Phe Ser Ala Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asp Leu Phe 275 280 285 Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ser Ser Thr Thr Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala 290 295 300 Glu Leu Ile Arg His Pro Lys Ile Leu Ala Gln Val Gln Gln Glu Met 305 310 315 320 Asp Ser Val Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Leu Ile Ala Glu Ala Asp Ile Pro 325 330 335 Asn Leu Thr Tyr Phe Gln Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Val Phe Arg Leu His 340 345 350 Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Val Ala Asn Glu Ser Cys Glu 355 360 365 Ile Asn Gly Tyr His Ile Pro Lys Asn Thr Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val 370 375 380 Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro Glu Val Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe 385 390 395 400 Lys Pro Glu Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Val 405 410 415 Lys Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile 420 425 430 Cys Ala Gly Leu Ser Leu Gly Leu Arg Met Val Gln Leu Met Thr Ala 435 440 445 Thr Leu Ala His Thr Tyr Asp Trp Ala Leu Ala Asp Gly Leu Met Pro 450 455 460 Glu Lys Leu Asn Met Asp Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Lys 465 470 475 480 Val Pro Leu Met Val His Pro Thr Arg Arg Leu Ser Ala Arg Val Tyr 485 490 495 Asn Ser Gly Phe 500 5 1711 DNA Antirrhinum majus CDS (91)..(1629) 5 cgaattcccc cccccccaca ccattcaatg cctaagtcct ccatttgccg gcctaataac 60 taaaagccca ctctttccga ccatctatac atg caa cac caa tat tat tct tta 114 Met Gln His Gln Tyr Tyr Ser Leu 1 5 att acg atg gat gat att agc ata acc agc tta ttg gtg cca tgt act 162 Ile Thr Met Asp Asp Ile Ser Ile Thr Ser Leu Leu Val Pro Cys Thr 10 15 20 ttt ata tta ggg ttc ttg ctt cta tat tcc ttc ctc aac aaa aaa gta 210 Phe Ile Leu Gly Phe Leu Leu Leu Tyr Ser Phe Leu Asn Lys Lys Val 25 30 35 40 aag cca ctg cca cct gga ccg aag cca tgg ccc atc gtc gga aat ctg 258 Lys Pro Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Lys Pro Trp Pro Ile Val Gly Asn Leu 45 50 55 cca cat ctt ggg ccg aag ccc cac cag tcg atg gcg gcg ctg gca cgg 306 Pro His Leu Gly Pro Lys Pro His Gln Ser Met Ala Ala Leu Ala Arg 60 65 70 gtg cac ggc cca tta att cat ctg aag atg ggc ttt gtg cat gtg gtt 354 Val His Gly Pro Leu Ile His Leu Lys Met Gly Phe Val His Val Val 75 80 85 gtg gcc tcc tca gca tcc gtt gcg gag aaa ttt ctg aag gtg cat gac 402 Val Ala Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Glu Lys Phe Leu Lys Val His Asp 90 95 100 gca aac ttc tcg agc agg cct ccc aat tcg ggt gca aaa cac gtg gcc 450 Ala Asn Phe Ser Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Val Ala 105 110 115 120 tac aac tat cag gac ttg gtc ttt gct cct tat ggc cca cgc tgg cgg 498 Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg 125 130 135 atg ctc agg aaa atc tgt gca ctc cac ctc ttc tcc gcc aaa gcc ttg 546 Met Leu Arg Lys Ile Cys Ala Leu His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu 140 145 150 aac gac ttc aca cac gtc aga cag gat gag gtg ggg atc ctc act cgc 594 Asn Asp Phe Thr His Val Arg Gln Asp Glu Val Gly Ile Leu Thr Arg 155 160 165 gtt cta gca gat gca gga gaa acg ccg ttg aaa tta ggg cag atg atg 642 Val Leu Ala Asp Ala Gly Glu Thr Pro Leu Lys Leu Gly Gln Met Met 170 175 180 aac aca tgc gcc acc aat gca ata gcg cgt gtt atg ttg ggt cga cgc 690 Asn Thr Cys Ala Thr Asn Ala Ile Ala Arg Val Met Leu Gly Arg Arg 185 190 195 200 gtg gtt gga cac gca gac tca aag gcg gag gag ttt aag gca atg gta 738 Val Val Gly His Ala Asp Ser Lys Ala Glu Glu Phe Lys Ala Met Val 205 210 215 gtg gag ttg atg gta tta gct ggt gtg ttc aac tta ggt gat ttt atc 786 Val Glu Leu Met Val Leu Ala Gly Val Phe Asn Leu Gly Asp Phe Ile 220 225 230 cca cct ctt gaa aaa ttg gat ctt caa ggt gtc att gct aag atg aag 834 Pro Pro Leu Glu Lys Leu Asp Leu Gln Gly Val Ile Ala Lys Met Lys 235 240 245 aag ctt cac ttg cgt ttc gac tcg ttc ttg agt aag atc ctt gga gac 882 Lys Leu His Leu Arg Phe Asp Ser Phe Leu Ser Lys Ile Leu Gly Asp 250 255 260 cac aag atc aac agc tca gat gaa acc aaa ggc cat tcg gat ttg ttg 930 His Lys Ile Asn Ser Ser Asp Glu Thr Lys Gly His Ser Asp Leu Leu 265 270 275 280 aac atg tta att tct ttg aag gac gct gat gat gcc gaa gga ggg agg 978 Asn Met Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Asp Ala Asp Asp Ala Glu Gly Gly Arg 285 290 295 ctc acc gac gta gaa att aaa gcg ttg ctc ttg aac ttg ttt gct gca 1026 Leu Thr Asp Val Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Ala Ala 300 305 310 gga act gac aca aca tca agc act gtg gaa tgg tgc ata gct gag tta 1074 Gly Thr Asp Thr Thr Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Cys Ile Ala Glu Leu 315 320 325 gta cga cat cct gaa atc ctt gcc caa gtc caa aaa gaa ctc gac tct 1122 Val Arg His Pro Glu Ile Leu Ala Gln Val Gln Lys Glu Leu Asp Ser 330 335 340 gtt gtt ggt aag aat cgg gtg gtg aag gag gct gat ctg gcc gga tta 1170 Val Val Gly Lys Asn Arg Val Val Lys Glu Ala Asp Leu Ala Gly Leu 345 350 355 360 cca ttc ctc caa gcg gtc gtc aag gaa aat ttc cga ctc cat ccc tcc 1218 Pro Phe Leu Gln Ala Val Val Lys Glu Asn Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser 365 370 375 acc ccg ctc tcc cta ccg agg atc gca cat gag agt tgt gaa gtg aat 1266 Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Ile Ala His Glu Ser Cys Glu Val Asn 380 385 390 gga tac ttg att cca aag ggt tcg aca ctt ctt gtc aat gtt tgg gca 1314 Gly Tyr Leu Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala 395 400 405 att gct cgc gat cca aat gtg tgg gat gaa cca cta gag ttc cgg cct 1362 Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro Asn Val Trp Asp Glu Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro 410 415 420 gaa cga ttc ttg aag ggc ggg gaa aag cct aat gtc gat gtt aga ggg 1410 Glu Arg Phe Leu Lys Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Val Arg Gly 425 430 435 440 aat gat ttc gaa ttg ata ccg ttc gga gcg ggc cga aga att tgt gca 1458 Asn Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala 445 450 455 gga atg agc tta gga ata cgt atg gtc cag ttg ttg aca gca act ttg 1506 Gly Met Ser Leu Gly Ile Arg Met Val Gln Leu Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu 460 465 470 aac cat gcg ttt gac ttt gat ttg gcg gat gga cag ttg cct gaa agc 1554 Asn His Ala Phe Asp Phe Asp Leu Ala Asp Gly Gln Leu Pro Glu Ser 475 480 485 tta aac atg gag gaa gct tat ggg ctg acc ttg caa cga gct gac cct 1602 Leu Asn Met Glu Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Asp Pro 490 495 500 ttg gta gtg cac ccg aag cct agg tag gcacctcatg tttatcaaac 1649 Leu Val Val His Pro Lys Pro Arg 505 510 ttaggactca tgtttagaga acctcttgtt gttttatcag attgaagtgt gatgtccaag 1709 ac 1711 6 512 PRT Antirrhinum majus 6 Met Gln His Gln Tyr Tyr Ser Leu Ile Thr Met Asp Asp Ile Ser Ile 1 5 10 15 Thr Ser Leu Leu Val Pro Cys Thr Phe Ile Leu Gly Phe Leu Leu Leu 20 25 30 Tyr Ser Phe Leu Asn Lys Lys Val Lys Pro Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Lys 35 40 45 Pro Trp Pro Ile Val Gly Asn Leu Pro His Leu Gly Pro Lys Pro His 50 55 60 Gln Ser Met Ala Ala Leu Ala Arg Val His Gly Pro Leu Ile His Leu 65 70 75 80 Lys Met Gly Phe Val His Val Val Val Ala Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Ala 85 90 95 Glu Lys Phe Leu Lys Val His Asp Ala Asn Phe Ser Ser Arg Pro Pro 100 105 110 Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Val Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe 115 120 125 Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Met Leu Arg Lys Ile Cys Ala Leu 130 135 140 His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu Asn Asp Phe Thr His Val Arg Gln 145 150 155 160 Asp Glu Val Gly Ile Leu Thr Arg Val Leu Ala Asp Ala Gly Glu Thr 165 170 175 Pro Leu Lys Leu Gly Gln Met Met Asn Thr Cys Ala Thr Asn Ala Ile 180 185 190 Ala Arg Val Met Leu Gly Arg Arg Val Val Gly His Ala Asp Ser Lys 195 200 205 Ala Glu Glu Phe Lys Ala Met Val Val Glu Leu Met Val Leu Ala Gly 210 215 220 Val Phe Asn Leu Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Pro Leu Glu Lys Leu Asp Leu 225 230 235 240 Gln Gly Val Ile Ala Lys Met Lys Lys Leu His Leu Arg Phe Asp Ser 245 250 255 Phe Leu Ser Lys Ile Leu Gly Asp His Lys Ile Asn Ser Ser Asp Glu 260 265 270 Thr Lys Gly His Ser Asp Leu Leu Asn Met Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Asp 275 280 285 Ala Asp Asp Ala Glu Gly Gly Arg Leu Thr Asp Val Glu Ile Lys Ala 290 295 300 Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Ala Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Thr Ser Ser Thr 305 310 315 320 Val Glu Trp Cys Ile Ala Glu Leu Val Arg His Pro Glu Ile Leu Ala 325 330 335 Gln Val Gln Lys Glu Leu Asp Ser Val Val Gly Lys Asn Arg Val Val 340 345 350 Lys Glu Ala Asp Leu Ala Gly Leu Pro Phe Leu Gln Ala Val Val Lys 355 360 365 Glu Asn Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Ile 370 375 380 Ala His Glu Ser Cys Glu Val Asn Gly Tyr Leu Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser 385 390 395 400 Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro Asn Val Trp 405 410 415 Asp Glu Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro Glu Arg Phe Leu Lys Gly Gly Glu 420 425 430 Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Val Arg Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe 435 440 445 Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Ser Leu Gly Ile Arg Met 450 455 460 Val Gln Leu Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Asn His Ala Phe Asp Phe Asp Leu 465 470 475 480 Ala Asp Gly Gln Leu Pro Glu Ser Leu Asn Met Glu Glu Ala Tyr Gly 485 490 495 Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Asp Pro Leu Val Val His Pro Lys Pro Arg 500 505 510 7 971 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (1)..(813) 7 gat atg ctt agc act tta atc tcc ctt aaa gga act gat ctt gac ggt 48 Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Gly Thr Asp Leu Asp Gly 1 5 10 15 gac gga gga agc tta acg gat act gag att aaa gcc ttg cta ttg aac 96 Asp Gly Gly Ser Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn 20 25 30 atg ttc aca gct gga act gac acg tca gca agt acg gtg gac tgg gct 144 Met Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ala Ser Thr Val Asp Trp Ala 35 40 45 ata gct gaa ctt atc cgt cac ccg gat ata atg gtt aaa gcc caa gaa 192 Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg His Pro Asp Ile Met Val Lys Ala Gln Glu 50 55 60 gaa ctt gat att gtt gtg ggc cgt gac agg cct gtt aat gaa tca gac 240 Glu Leu Asp Ile Val Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Pro Val Asn Glu Ser Asp 65 70 75 80 atc gct cag ctt cct tac ctt cag gcg gtt atc aaa gag aat ttc agg 288 Ile Ala Gln Leu Pro Tyr Leu Gln Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Asn Phe Arg 85 90 95 ctt cat cca cca aca cca ctc tcg tta cca cac atc gcg tca gag agc 336 Leu His Pro Pro Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro His Ile Ala Ser Glu Ser 100 105 110 tgt gag atc aac ggc tac cat atc ccg aaa gga tcg act cta ttt gac 384 Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr His Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Phe Asp 115 120 125 gga cat atg ggc cta ggc cgt gac ccg gat caa tgg tcc gac ccg tta 432 Gly His Met Gly Leu Gly Arg Asp Pro Asp Gln Trp Ser Asp Pro Leu 130 135 140 gca ttt aaa ccc gag aga ttc tta ccc ggt ggt gaa aaa tcc ggc gtt 480 Ala Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Ser Gly Val 145 150 155 160 gat gtg aaa gga agc gat ttc gag cta ata ccg ttc ggg gct ggg agg 528 Asp Val Lys Gly Ser Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg 165 170 175 cca atc tgt gca ggt tta agt tta ggg cta cgt aca gat tta agt tgc 576 Pro Ile Cys Ala Gly Leu Ser Leu Gly Leu Arg Thr Asp Leu Ser Cys 180 185 190 ctt cac gcc aac gtt gct cac aag cat ttg att ggg aac ttc agc tgg 624 Leu His Ala Asn Val Ala His Lys His Leu Ile Gly Asn Phe Ser Trp 195 200 205 aga agt tac gcc gga caa cct gaa tat cgc agg aaa agt tta ctg ggc 672 Arg Ser Tyr Ala Gly Gln Pro Glu Tyr Arg Arg Lys Ser Leu Leu Gly 210 215 220 ttt aca ctg caa aga gcg gtt cct tcg gtg gta cac cct aag cca agg 720 Phe Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Val Pro Ser Val Val His Pro Lys Pro Arg 225 230 235 240 ttg gcc ccg aac gtt tat gga ccc cgg gtc ggc tta aaa ttt aac ttt 768 Leu Ala Pro Asn Val Tyr Gly Pro Arg Val Gly Leu Lys Phe Asn Phe 245 250 255 gct tct tgg aca agg tat atg gct tgc acg aaa cta acg ttt taa 813 Ala Ser Trp Thr Arg Tyr Met Ala Cys Thr Lys Leu Thr Phe 260 265 270 cacaccgtag tttgatccgg agttagcttt atgtaagaac gtgtaacgcc aaatcaagcc 873 attatcaact accgtgagct gtttgtaccc tatctataaa tcttgaagag gaacatttca 933 gaactcttga ctatgtttca ggaacaaaaa aaaaaaaa 971 8 270 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 8 Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Gly Thr Asp Leu Asp Gly 1 5 10 15 Asp Gly Gly Ser Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn 20 25 30 Met Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ala Ser Thr Val Asp Trp Ala 35 40 45 Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg His Pro Asp Ile Met Val Lys Ala Gln Glu 50 55 60 Glu Leu Asp Ile Val Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Pro Val Asn Glu Ser Asp 65 70 75 80 Ile Ala Gln Leu Pro Tyr Leu Gln Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Asn Phe Arg 85 90 95 Leu His Pro Pro Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro His Ile Ala Ser Glu Ser 100 105 110 Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr His Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Phe Asp 115 120 125 Gly His Met Gly Leu Gly Arg Asp Pro Asp Gln Trp Ser Asp Pro Leu 130 135 140 Ala Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Ser Gly Val 145 150 155 160 Asp Val Lys Gly Ser Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg 165 170 175 Pro Ile Cys Ala Gly Leu Ser Leu Gly Leu Arg Thr Asp Leu Ser Cys 180 185 190 Leu His Ala Asn Val Ala His Lys His Leu Ile Gly Asn Phe Ser Trp 195 200 205 Arg Ser Tyr Ala Gly Gln Pro Glu Tyr Arg Arg Lys Ser Leu Leu Gly 210 215 220 Phe Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Val Pro Ser Val Val His Pro Lys Pro Arg 225 230 235 240 Leu Ala Pro Asn Val Tyr Gly Pro Arg Val Gly Leu Lys Phe Asn Phe 245 250 255 Ala Ser Trp Thr Arg Tyr Met Ala Cys Thr Lys Leu Thr Phe 260 265 270 9 6595 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (1478)..(1927) CDS (2651)..(3091) CDS (3170)..(3340) CDS (3421)..(3897) 9 gtcgactctc tccctttcgc ttgctacttt ttctacataa ataaatgcaa tgataaattt 60 gtgcacacat tcgtatgttt gaaacatggt aggatccaca atttatactt tatagactca 120 aaatggaaaa gaaacgtaca ttataaattt atctgcaatt tgttttctct tgctaaacta 180 gactgtataa taacctctgt atatgctatt actcgattgt aaacgtaccc cgcaagtcgc 240 aagcaaggta aataaagtat aattatattt tcacacacga aactttaatt attattttta 300 tcacttgcag attaacagta aaaaaaaaaa aaatgtgact ttaacggcga caaaaactac 360 tgatctttct ccaatattta aataatataa ttaataaacg tcttttcata cttgtatttt 420 ccgacccgag ttctgaaagt gaaaacatat ggtactagat attctcgatt tgttttgtag 480 ccactagact ctaaacagaa aaaagaagcc aaaaggacaa cgttaaaaaa gagacactgt 540 tattaaaagt tagaaaccaa acggtgaaaa tccagctaca tacataaaat aaagccaagg 600 taccaaacta atgaactgta acctcttttt tcttttcttt tttgttaaag gatttatgaa 660 ctgtaactta gaatgcttgg tttgtgggca gtgtaatata tgacacacat gcattttttt 720 tgtttgtcaa ataggaagac ttcttttttc tttatcaact tccttatttt cataaaacaa 780 aacactgaaa aaagtacaga tgttctcacg tacgtcacgt gtacatacat atatattaga 840 ccactatata ataagatatg aagtgttagg tttaaatcaa ttaacgaatc ccatccaaat 900 gatgaaacag ttaacaagaa atcaaaatag tttattaggg ttacaatgat tttatacttt 960 taagaaatct tagaacctat cacttacaaa tgagtaaatg accattactc ctcgagaatc 1020 taaggcgctt aaggaagcat tgcgaatcgg gtgtgaaaaa gatctatttt ttgaattatt 1080 tcacacaatt tcttaatgtc aattttcgat gctcccatat tctccacggt ttaaagcaag 1140 attggtggga aagggatatt ctcgcatcga ttacaatgaa atatgggttg aaaaaaaaaa 1200 aaaaaaatta ctcaatgttg caccaaaaac cagaaaactc taagttgcgc taataaaaaa 1260 aaaagttata aacccaacat caaaccaaaa ccgtactaaa ctgtcccata tgagatttag 1320 ctttaaataa attagtactt ctcataacga taactaaatt aaatttccct agccaagaca 1380 tacatatagt tttgattgac aaaaaaaaaa aaaactcctc tatttatagc ttgtgttttg 1440 tttcctcatt tttcacttac cattcaaacc caacact atg gca act cta ttt ctc 1495 Met Ala Thr Leu Phe Leu 1 5 aca atc ctc cta gcc act gtc ctc ttc ctc atc ctc cgt atc ttc tct 1543 Thr Ile Leu Leu Ala Thr Val Leu Phe Leu Ile Leu Arg Ile Phe Ser 10 15 20 cac cgt cgc aac cgc agc cac aac aac cgt ctt cca ccg ggg cca aac 1591 His Arg Arg Asn Arg Ser His Asn Asn Arg Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Asn 25 30 35 cca tgg ccc atc atc gga aac ctc cct cac atg ggc act aag cct cat 1639 Pro Trp Pro Ile Ile Gly Asn Leu Pro His Met Gly Thr Lys Pro His 40 45 50 cga acc ctt tcc gcc atg gtt act act tac ggc cct atc ctc cac ctc 1687 Arg Thr Leu Ser Ala Met Val Thr Thr Tyr Gly Pro Ile Leu His Leu 55 60 65 70 cga cta ggg ttc gta gac gtc gtg gtc gcc gct tct aaa tcc gtg gcc 1735 Arg Leu Gly Phe Val Asp Val Val Val Ala Ala Ser Lys Ser Val Ala 75 80 85 gag cag ttc ttg aaa ata cac gac gcc aat ttc gct agc cga cca cca 1783 Glu Gln Phe Leu Lys Ile His Asp Ala Asn Phe Ala Ser Arg Pro Pro 90 95 100 aac tca gga gcc aaa cac atg gca tat aac tat caa gat ctt gtc ttt 1831 Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Met Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe 105 110 115 gca cct tac gga cac cga tgg aga ctg ttg aga aag att agt tct gtt 1879 Ala Pro Tyr Gly His Arg Trp Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys Ile Ser Ser Val 120 125 130 cat cta ttt tca gct aaa gct ctc gaa gat ttc aaa cat gtt cga cag 1927 His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu Glu Asp Phe Lys His Val Arg Gln 135 140 145 150 gtaaaacaat tataaacggt attctcattt tctaacgcta tagctcactg gcctgtaatc 1987 atgtcatttc aatgttttga ctttttcttt atatatacat aattataatt tataattggg 2047 atttcaaacc ctatctctca ctatttcaag actagaccgg attggaattt gaacttttgt 2107 aatgaatatt agtatctgca cataaatttt atgttaaagt tgggttttct taaagtgaat 2167 ttatatatta aaaatatata aacgattggg ttttactcaa atgaatttac ataagagcta 2227 ggtataagtg caaatatgca atactgtcat tgtcgtggat gtataaaagt atgatctaac 2287 tttgatgatg ccatggaaaa attggaaagt tcagatccag aggaaacatt gcttgaatta 2347 taaaatgtat ggaccacatt gtttccttaa atggaaggtc tcacgagttt ctcaatttca 2407 gactactgat aatatatgct attatagatt ttattttctg attatttttt ttggtttaat 2467 ttaattagag taaattttta aaaagaaata tatggttttg ttaaccgtgt tttaaaattt 2527 gatagagctt ttagatcata atcataattt tttcgtatta attgtgatta tgttggacga 2587 aaatacttaa ttagtattca agaaaactct tattctaaaa acagaaataa atgaatttta 2647 cag gaa gag gtt gga acg cta acg cgg gag cta gtg cgt gtt ggc acg 2695 Glu Glu Val Gly Thr Leu Thr Arg Glu Leu Val Arg Val Gly Thr 1 5 10 15 aaa ccc gtg aat tta ggc cag ttg gtg aac atg tgt gta gtc aac gct 2743 Lys Pro Val Asn Leu Gly Gln Leu Val Asn Met Cys Val Val Asn Ala 20 25 30 cta gga cga gag atg atc gga cgg cga ctg ttc ggc gcc gac gcc gat 2791 Leu Gly Arg Glu Met Ile Gly Arg Arg Leu Phe Gly Ala Asp Ala Asp 35 40 45 cat aaa gct gac gag ttt cga tcg atg gtg acg gaa atg atg gct ctc 2839 His Lys Ala Asp Glu Phe Arg Ser Met Val Thr Glu Met Met Ala Leu 50 55 60 gcc gga gta ttt aac atc gga gat ttc gtg ccg tca ctt gat tgg tta 2887 Ala Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Val Pro Ser Leu Asp Trp Leu 65 70 75 gat tta caa ggc gtc gct ggt aaa atg aaa cgg ctt cac aaa aga ttc 2935 Asp Leu Gln Gly Val Ala Gly Lys Met Lys Arg Leu His Lys Arg Phe 80 85 90 95 gac gct ttt cta tcg tcg att ttg aaa gag cac gaa atg aac ggt caa 2983 Asp Ala Phe Leu Ser Ser Ile Leu Lys Glu His Glu Met Asn Gly Gln 100 105 110 gat caa aag cat aca gat atg ctt agc act tta atc tcc ctt aaa gga 3031 Asp Gln Lys His Thr Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Gly 115 120 125 act gat ctt gac ggt gac gga gga agc tta acg gat act gag att aaa 3079 Thr Asp Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly Gly Ser Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys 130 135 140 gcc ttg cta ttg gtcagttttt tgacaattaa tttccttaaa aatcgtatat 3131 Ala Leu Leu Leu 145 aatgaaagtt agattgtttt ttttggttgt aaatacag aac atg ttc aca gct 3184 Asn Met Phe Thr Ala 1 5 gga act gac acg tca gca agt acg gtg gac tgg gct ata gct gaa ctt 3232 Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ala Ser Thr Val Asp Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu 10 15 20 atc cgt cac ccg gat ata atg gtt aaa gcc caa gaa gaa ctt gat att 3280 Ile Arg His Pro Asp Ile Met Val Lys Ala Gln Glu Glu Leu Asp Ile 25 30 35 gtt gtg ggc cgt gac agg cct gtt aat gaa tca gac atc gct cag ctt 3328 Val Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Pro Val Asn Glu Ser Asp Ile Ala Gln Leu 40 45 50 cct tac ctt cag gtaccgttaa cccaaaccgg aatttggaat tgttttggtt 3380 Pro Tyr Leu Gln 55 agcgagctat tgttgttaat ccggttttgg tttaaaacag gcg gtt atc aaa gag 3435 Ala Val Ile Lys Glu 1 5 aat ttc agg ctt cat cca cca aca cca ctc tcg tta cca cac atc gcg 3483 Asn Phe Arg Leu His Pro Pro Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro His Ile Ala 10 15 20 tca gag agc tgt gag atc aac ggc tac cat atc ccg aaa gga tcg act 3531 Ser Glu Ser Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr His Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr 25 30 35 cta ttg acg aac ata tgg gcc ata gcc cgt gac ccg gat caa tgg tcc 3579 Leu Leu Thr Asn Ile Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro Asp Gln Trp Ser 40 45 50 gac ccg tta gca ttt aaa ccc gag aga ttc tta ccc ggt ggt gaa aaa 3627 Asp Pro Leu Ala Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys 55 60 65 tcc ggc gtt gat gtg aaa gga agc gat ttc gag cta ata ccg ttc gga 3675 Ser Gly Val Asp Val Lys Gly Ser Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly 70 75 80 85 gct ggg agg aga atc tgt gcc ggt tta agt tta ggg tta cgt acg att 3723 Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Leu Ser Leu Gly Leu Arg Thr Ile 90 95 100 cag ttt ctt acg gcg acg ttg gtt caa gga ttt gat tgg gaa tta gct 3771 Gln Phe Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Val Gln Gly Phe Asp Trp Glu Leu Ala 105 110 115 gga gga gtt acg ccg gag aag ctg aat atg gag gag agt tat ggg ctt 3819 Gly Gly Val Thr Pro Glu Lys Leu Asn Met Glu Glu Ser Tyr Gly Leu 120 125 130 aca ctg caa aga gcg gtt cct ttg gtg gta cat cct aag cca agg ttg 3867 Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Val Pro Leu Val Val His Pro Lys Pro Arg Leu 135 140 145 gct ccg aac gtt tat gga ctc ggg tcg ggt taaaatttaa ctttgcttct 3917 Ala Pro Asn Val Tyr Gly Leu Gly Ser Gly 150 155 tggacaaggt atatggcttg cacgaaaata aagttttaaa acagcgtagt ttgatccgga 3977 gttagcttta tgtaagaacg tgtaacgcca aatcaagtca ttattaaata ttgtgagttg 4037 tttgtaacct atatataaat cttgaagagg aagatttcag aaatcttgaa tatgttttag 4097 gaaaaacatt gtttttttta cagtagcgca agttgaatta aaacctattc cttacagaac 4157 caaatgcatt aataattcta gatatttttg gccaagacaa tcagattttt caatatttca 4217 tatatactag gtggaacacc accacctgca actctgcaac acatgttacg ttacacaatc 4277 acttttggcg gttttcaatt atttatataa aattgtaaat gtttgtacac agtagaaaat 4337 tagtaatagt gaattttgtt tctccgaata tgtatagcaa tatatatggc atggatcaaa 4397 ctagccgaca tcctaacttg ttcacagctt tcctttttac ttatctagtc gattaagcat 4457 cagaaagtat gttttaattt ttaaatttga aaaaggtgta cttacaagtt cgggtgttca 4517 cacggaggag agctacaata atgaaaaagc tgactcaaga agggctatag aagaaacaag 4577 agtcacggaa caagttgtca ctctcaatct ccagtacact agcttccata actctctctc 4637 tttctctctt tcttctctct ctaaaagtta tcagaataga aatctctctc tctcaacaag 4697 tctaacagtg ccatttgtat ctctgaactc caacatggct cctctggttc tctaccttct 4757 cactctcctc atggctggcc attccagtaa gaactctcac tgatcttctt cacctttgtt 4817 tatggatttg gtctctcagt ctcactctcg cttacccttt cacattcagc tctggctctc 4877 tggtttaaga aacccttaat ctacaaagct tgctttcctc gcaaatgaac taccttactt 4937 atctcttatg caactcttgt tgatgatttg caaacatctt aacctctcga aacaagattt 4997 acaaatctta ctggcttcac ttacaatttt gttcccattt ttttcttctt tggtaggtgc 5057 ctcatggtgt gtgtgcaaaa cagggctgag tgactcagtg ctacaaaaga cattagacta 5117 tgcttgtgga aatggagctg actgtaaccc aactcaccca aaaggctctt gcttcaatcc 5177 tgacaatgtt agggctcatt gcaactatgc agtcaatagc ttcttccaaa agaaaggtca 5237 agcttctgag tcttgtaact tcactggtac tgccactctt accaccaccg atcccagtaa 5297 gttttcagaa tgttaacact cttgtgatct ttagaaccct acaaaatttt gagtctcaga 5357 aagttcaagt tcaaggtctt ttggttagag tactaaagat tcaagtagag actaggcgtg 5417 agatattttt tctctgatgt gtgatttttt ggcacaggct atacaggatg tgcattccct 5477 tctagtgcta ggtacggctc tttgcttctc tacacattta ttttcttaat ggctttatct 5537 agaactttga aggataccat tttatttttt ttggacaaag aaggatagcc atttaatact 5597 acactttaat gttggattaa ctaacttatt atgcctattt aatggcctac actttaagtg 5657 gacacaagct tgatttggtt ataaaaaaag tgcactataa tcttatttta ctgaaccctt 5717 ttttctatga tttttttact aaactttaga taacatctac aacaattcaa ttgccttttt 5777 ttggggattg tataagtttg aacctatggt tagtgtattg acttgcgcgt ctcttattgc 5837 aacggttctt tgaaaacaca ttaatgataa ataaattgaa aagtatagag atggcaattg 5897 tttcaaaagc taatctttct gcttgctaat actttacata aaaaacaaaa aattaagaag 5957 attttcaaac aatacaactt ttttaccttg tcctaacaaa ttcaactcaa atgacatgtg 6017 tttgctttaa aatagtaaca actgtaaatt catttgctct tgagacataa gtgcaagcta 6077 aagataaacg caagcaatac aattaggcct aattaagatt acgaatattg ttgtttgttt 6137 atagtggttc tagtggaagc ggtagcacca ccgtgacgcc aggcaaaaac agtccaaaag 6197 gaagcaacag catcaccaca tttcccggcg gaaacagtcc atacactggc acaccatcca 6257 ccggattatt aggaggcaat atcactgatg caactggaac cgggttgaac ccggattact 6317 caaccgaaag cagtggattt gcgctctatt actccaacaa ccttctgtta accggctttt 6377 gttctctcgt gatgatgctc tgaagaagaa tcaccgtctt cttttagttt atgcttagtc 6437 aaaaaaatat gttatttata tgttcttgtt gttttagaga taatttaatc tggatttcgg 6497 ttctttttta ctttccggtt ttaagaaaac aattatcaat gtaaaaccaa atctactatc 6557 gatcggtttg gtacgaattc ctgcagcccg ggggatcc 6595 10 150 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 10 Met Ala Thr Leu Phe Leu Thr Ile Leu Leu Ala Thr Val Leu Phe Leu 1 5 10 15 Ile Leu Arg Ile Phe Ser His Arg Arg Asn Arg Ser His Asn Asn Arg 20 25 30 Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Asn Pro Trp Pro Ile Ile Gly Asn Leu Pro His 35 40 45 Met Gly Thr Lys Pro His Arg Thr Leu Ser Ala Met Val Thr Thr Tyr 50 55 60 Gly Pro Ile Leu His Leu Arg Leu Gly Phe Val Asp Val Val Val Ala 65 70 75 80 Ala Ser Lys Ser Val Ala Glu Gln Phe Leu Lys Ile His Asp Ala Asn 85 90 95 Phe Ala Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Met Ala Tyr Asn 100 105 110 Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly His Arg Trp Arg Leu Leu 115 120 125 Arg Lys Ile Ser Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu Glu Asp 130 135 140 Phe Lys His Val Arg Gln 145 150 11 147 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 11 Glu Glu Val Gly Thr Leu Thr Arg Glu Leu Val Arg Val Gly Thr Lys 1 5 10 15 Pro Val Asn Leu Gly Gln Leu Val Asn Met Cys Val Val Asn Ala Leu 20 25 30 Gly Arg Glu Met Ile Gly Arg Arg Leu Phe Gly Ala Asp Ala Asp His 35 40 45 Lys Ala Asp Glu Phe Arg Ser Met Val Thr Glu Met Met Ala Leu Ala 50 55 60 Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Val Pro Ser Leu Asp Trp Leu Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Gly Val Ala Gly Lys Met Lys Arg Leu His Lys Arg Phe Asp 85 90 95 Ala Phe Leu Ser Ser Ile Leu Lys Glu His Glu Met Asn Gly Gln Asp 100 105 110 Gln Lys His Thr Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Ser Leu Lys Gly Thr 115 120 125 Asp Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly Gly Ser Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala 130 135 140 Leu Leu Leu 145 12 57 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 12 Asn Met Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ala Ser Thr Val Asp Trp 1 5 10 15 Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg His Pro Asp Ile Met Val Lys Ala Gln 20 25 30 Glu Glu Leu Asp Ile Val Val Gly Arg Asp Arg Pro Val Asn Glu Ser 35 40 45 Asp Ile Ala Gln Leu Pro Tyr Leu Gln 50 55 13 159 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 13 Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Asn Phe Arg Leu His Pro Pro Thr Pro Leu Ser 1 5 10 15 Leu Pro His Ile Ala Ser Glu Ser Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr His Ile 20 25 30 Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Thr Asn Ile Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp 35 40 45 Pro Asp Gln Trp Ser Asp Pro Leu Ala Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg Phe Leu 50 55 60 Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Ser Gly Val Asp Val Lys Gly Ser Asp Phe Glu 65 70 75 80 Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Leu Ser Leu 85 90 95 Gly Leu Arg Thr Ile Gln Phe Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Val Gln Gly Phe 100 105 110 Asp Trp Glu Leu Ala Gly Gly Val Thr Pro Glu Lys Leu Asn Met Glu 115 120 125 Glu Ser Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Val Pro Leu Val Val His 130 135 140 Pro Lys Pro Arg Leu Ala Pro Asn Val Tyr Gly Leu Gly Ser Gly 145 150 155 14 1748 DNA Rosa hybrida CDS (22)..(1563) 14 tgtcgagaaa gaagaacagc c atg ttt ctc ata gta gtg atc acc ttc ctc 51 Met Phe Leu Ile Val Val Ile Thr Phe Leu 1 5 10 ttc gcc gtg ttt ttg ttc cgg ctt ctt ttc tcc ggc aaa tcc caa cgc 99 Phe Ala Val Phe Leu Phe Arg Leu Leu Phe Ser Gly Lys Ser Gln Arg 15 20 25 cac tcg ctc cct ctc cct cct ggc ccc aaa cca tgg ccg gtg gtt ggc 147 His Ser Leu Pro Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Lys Pro Trp Pro Val Val Gly 30 35 40 aac tta cct cac ttg ggc ccc ttc ccg cac cac tcc atc gcg gag ttg 195 Asn Leu Pro His Leu Gly Pro Phe Pro His His Ser Ile Ala Glu Leu 45 50 55 gcg aag aaa cac ggg ccg ctc atg cac ctc cgc ctc ggc tac gtt gac 243 Ala Lys Lys His Gly Pro Leu Met His Leu Arg Leu Gly Tyr Val Asp 60 65 70 gta gtc gtg gcg gca tca gca tcc gta gcg gcc cag ttc ttg aag act 291 Val Val Val Ala Ala Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Ala Gln Phe Leu Lys Thr 75 80 85 90 cac gac gcc aat ttc tcc agc cga ccg ccc aac tcc ggc gcc aag cac 339 His Asp Ala Asn Phe Ser Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His 95 100 105 ctc gcc tat aac tac cag gac ctc gtg ttc agg ccg tac ggt cca cgg 387 Leu Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Arg Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg 110 115 120 tgg cgc atg ttc cgg aag atc agc tcc gtc cat ctg ttc tcc ggc aaa 435 Trp Arg Met Phe Arg Lys Ile Ser Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Gly Lys 125 130 135 gcc ttg gat gat ctt aaa cac gtc cgg cag gag gag gta agt gtg cta 483 Ala Leu Asp Asp Leu Lys His Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Ser Val Leu 140 145 150 gcg cat gcc ttg gca aat tca ggg tca aag gta gtg aac ctg gcg caa 531 Ala His Ala Leu Ala Asn Ser Gly Ser Lys Val Val Asn Leu Ala Gln 155 160 165 170 ctg ctg aac ctg tgc acg gtc aat gct cta gga agg gtg atg gta ggg 579 Leu Leu Asn Leu Cys Thr Val Asn Ala Leu Gly Arg Val Met Val Gly 175 180 185 cgg agg gtt ttc ggc gac ggc agc gga ggc gac gat ccg aag gcg gac 627 Arg Arg Val Phe Gly Asp Gly Ser Gly Gly Asp Asp Pro Lys Ala Asp 190 195 200 gag ttc aaa tcg atg gtg gtg gag atg atg gtg ttg gca gga gtg ttc 675 Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val Val Glu Met Met Val Leu Ala Gly Val Phe 205 210 215 aac ata ggt gac ttc atc ccc tct ctc gaa tgg ctt gac ttg caa ggc 723 Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Ser Leu Glu Trp Leu Asp Leu Gln Gly 220 225 230 gtg gcg tcc aag atg aag aag ctc cac aag aga ttc gac gac ttc ttg 771 Val Ala Ser Lys Met Lys Lys Leu His Lys Arg Phe Asp Asp Phe Leu 235 240 245 250 aca gcc att gtc gag gac cac aag aag ggc tcc ggc acg gcg ggg cac 819 Thr Ala Ile Val Glu Asp His Lys Lys Gly Ser Gly Thr Ala Gly His 255 260 265 gtc gac atg ttg acc act ctg ctc tcg ctc aag gaa gac gcc gac ggc 867 Val Asp Met Leu Thr Thr Leu Leu Ser Leu Lys Glu Asp Ala Asp Gly 270 275 280 gaa gga ggc aag ctc acc gat act gaa atc aaa gct ttg ctt ttg aac 915 Glu Gly Gly Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn 285 290 295 atg ttc acg gct ggc act gat acg tca tcg agc acg gtg gaa tgg gca 963 Met Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala 300 305 310 ata gct gaa ctc att cgg cac cct cat atg cta gcg cga gtt cag aaa 1011 Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg His Pro His Met Leu Ala Arg Val Gln Lys 315 320 325 330 gag ctt gac gat ttt gtt ggc cat gac cga ctt gtg acc gaa tcc gac 1059 Glu Leu Asp Asp Phe Val Gly His Asp Arg Leu Val Thr Glu Ser Asp 335 340 345 ata ccc aac ctc cct tac ctc caa gcc gtg atc aag gaa acg ttc cga 1107 Ile Pro Asn Leu Pro Tyr Leu Gln Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg 350 355 360 ctc cac cca tcc act cct ctc tcg ttg cct cgt atg gca gcc gag agt 1155 Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Met Ala Ala Glu Ser 365 370 375 tgc gaa atc aac ggg tac cac atc ccg aaa ggc tcc aca ctc ttg gtc 1203 Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr His Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val 380 385 390 aat gta tgg gcc ata tcg cgt gac ccg gct gaa tgg gcc gac cca ctg 1251 Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ser Arg Asp Pro Ala Glu Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu 395 400 405 410 gag ttc aag ccc gag agg ttc ctg ccg ggg ggc gaa aag cct aat gtt 1299 Glu Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val 415 420 425 gat att aga gga aac gat ttt gaa gtc ata ccc ttc ggt gcc ggg cga 1347 Asp Ile Arg Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg 430 435 440 aga ata tgt gcc ggg atg agc ttg ggc ctg cgt atg gtc cat tta atg 1395 Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Ser Leu Gly Leu Arg Met Val His Leu Met 445 450 455 act gca aca ttg gtc cac gca ttt aat tgg gcc ttg gct gat ggg ctg 1443 Thr Ala Thr Leu Val His Ala Phe Asn Trp Ala Leu Ala Asp Gly Leu 460 465 470 acc gct gag aag tta aac atg gat gaa gca tat ggg ctc act cta caa 1491 Thr Ala Glu Lys Leu Asn Met Asp Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln 475 480 485 490 cga gct gca ccg tta atg gtg cac ccg cgc acc agg ctg gcc cca cag 1539 Arg Ala Ala Pro Leu Met Val His Pro Arg Thr Arg Leu Ala Pro Gln 495 500 505 gca tat aaa act tca tca tct taa ttagagagct atgttctggg tgtgcccggt 1593 Ala Tyr Lys Thr Ser Ser Ser 510 ttgatgtctc catgttttct atttaggttt aaatctgtaa gataaggtga ttctatgctg 1653 aatcacaaaa gttgctatct aaattccatg tccaatgaaa acgttcttct tcccttctta 1713 taatttatga atacttatga tataggcgac agcaa 1748 15 513 PRT Rosa hybrida 15 Met Phe Leu Ile Val Val Ile Thr Phe Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Leu Phe 1 5 10 15 Arg Leu Leu Phe Ser Gly Lys Ser Gln Arg His Ser Leu Pro Leu Pro 20 25 30 Pro Gly Pro Lys Pro Trp Pro Val Val Gly Asn Leu Pro His Leu Gly 35 40 45 Pro Phe Pro His His Ser Ile Ala Glu Leu Ala Lys Lys His Gly Pro 50 55 60 Leu Met His Leu Arg Leu Gly Tyr Val Asp Val Val Val Ala Ala Ser 65 70 75 80 Ala Ser Val Ala Ala Gln Phe Leu Lys Thr His Asp Ala Asn Phe Ser 85 90 95 Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Leu Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln 100 105 110 Asp Leu Val Phe Arg Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Met Phe Arg Lys 115 120 125 Ile Ser Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Gly Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp Leu Lys 130 135 140 His Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Ser Val Leu Ala His Ala Leu Ala Asn 145 150 155 160 Ser Gly Ser Lys Val Val Asn Leu Ala Gln Leu Leu Asn Leu Cys Thr 165 170 175 Val Asn Ala Leu Gly Arg Val Met Val Gly Arg Arg Val Phe Gly Asp 180 185 190 Gly Ser Gly Gly Asp Asp Pro Lys Ala Asp Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val 195 200 205 Val Glu Met Met Val Leu Ala Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Ile 210 215 220 Pro Ser Leu Glu Trp Leu Asp Leu Gln Gly Val Ala Ser Lys Met Lys 225 230 235 240 Lys Leu His Lys Arg Phe Asp Asp Phe Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Glu Asp 245 250 255 His Lys Lys Gly Ser Gly Thr Ala Gly His Val Asp Met Leu Thr Thr 260 265 270 Leu Leu Ser Leu Lys Glu Asp Ala Asp Gly Glu Gly Gly Lys Leu Thr 275 280 285 Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Met Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr 290 295 300 Asp Thr Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg 305 310 315 320 His Pro His Met Leu Ala Arg Val Gln Lys Glu Leu Asp Asp Phe Val 325 330 335 Gly His Asp Arg Leu Val Thr Glu Ser Asp Ile Pro Asn Leu Pro Tyr 340 345 350 Leu Gln Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro 355 360 365 Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Met Ala Ala Glu Ser Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr 370 375 380 His Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ser 385 390 395 400 Arg Asp Pro Ala Glu Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg 405 410 415 Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Ile Arg Gly Asn Asp 420 425 430 Phe Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met 435 440 445 Ser Leu Gly Leu Arg Met Val His Leu Met Thr Ala Thr Leu Val His 450 455 460 Ala Phe Asn Trp Ala Leu Ala Asp Gly Leu Thr Ala Glu Lys Leu Asn 465 470 475 480 Met Asp Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ala Pro Leu Met 485 490 495 Val His Pro Arg Thr Arg Leu Ala Pro Gln Ala Tyr Lys Thr Ser Ser 500 505 510 Ser 16 1660 DNA Chrysanthemum CDS (4)..(1530) 16 aaa atg acc att tta gct ttc gta ttt tac gcc ctc atc ctc ggg tca 48 Met Thr Ile Leu Ala Phe Val Phe Tyr Ala Leu Ile Leu Gly Ser 1 5 10 15 gta ctc tat gta ttt ctt aac tta agt tca cgt aaa tcc gcc aga ctc 96 Val Leu Tyr Val Phe Leu Asn Leu Ser Ser Arg Lys Ser Ala Arg Leu 20 25 30 cca ccc ggg cca aca cca tgg cct ata gtc ggg aac tta cca cac ctt 144 Pro Pro Gly Pro Thr Pro Trp Pro Ile Val Gly Asn Leu Pro His Leu 35 40 45 ggc cca atc cca cac cac gca ctc gcg gcc tta gcc aag aag tac ggg 192 Gly Pro Ile Pro His His Ala Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Lys Lys Tyr Gly 50 55 60 cca ttg atg cac ctg cgg ctc ggg tgt gtg gac gtg gtt gtg gcc gcg 240 Pro Leu Met His Leu Arg Leu Gly Cys Val Asp Val Val Val Ala Ala 65 70 75 tct gct tcc gta gct gca cag ttt tta aaa gtt cac gac gca aat ttt 288 Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Ala Gln Phe Leu Lys Val His Asp Ala Asn Phe 80 85 90 95 gct agt agg ccg cca aat tct ggc gcg aaa cat gtg gcg tat aat tat 336 Ala Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Val Ala Tyr Asn Tyr 100 105 110 cag gat ctt gtg ttt gca cct tat ggt cca agg tgg cgt ttg tta agg 384 Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Leu Leu Arg 115 120 125 aag att tgt tcg gtc cat ttg ttt tct gct aaa gca ctt gat gat ttt 432 Lys Ile Cys Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp Phe 130 135 140 cgt cat gtt cga cag gag gag gta gca gtc cta acc cgc gta cta ctg 480 Arg His Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Ala Val Leu Thr Arg Val Leu Leu 145 150 155 agt gct gga aac tca ccg gta cag ctt ggc caa cta ctt aac gtg tgt 528 Ser Ala Gly Asn Ser Pro Val Gln Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Asn Val Cys 160 165 170 175 gcc aca aac gcc tta gca cgg gta atg tta ggt agg aga gtt ttc gga 576 Ala Thr Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg Val Met Leu Gly Arg Arg Val Phe Gly 180 185 190 gac gga att gac agg tca gcc aat gag ttc aaa gat atg gta gta gag 624 Asp Gly Ile Asp Arg Ser Ala Asn Glu Phe Lys Asp Met Val Val Glu 195 200 205 tta atg gta tta gca gga gaa ttt aac ctt ggt gac ttt att cct gta 672 Leu Met Val Leu Ala Gly Glu Phe Asn Leu Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Val 210 215 220 ctt gac cta ttc gac cta caa ggc att act aaa aaa atg aag aag ctt 720 Leu Asp Leu Phe Asp Leu Gln Gly Ile Thr Lys Lys Met Lys Lys Leu 225 230 235 cat gtt cgg ttc gat tca ttt ctt agt aag atc gtt gag gag cat aaa 768 His Val Arg Phe Asp Ser Phe Leu Ser Lys Ile Val Glu Glu His Lys 240 245 250 255 acg gca cct ggt ggg ttg ggt cat act gat ttg ctg agc acg ttg att 816 Thr Ala Pro Gly Gly Leu Gly His Thr Asp Leu Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile 260 265 270 tca ctt aaa gat gat gct gat att gaa ggt ggg aag ctt aca gat act 864 Ser Leu Lys Asp Asp Ala Asp Ile Glu Gly Gly Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr 275 280 285 gaa atc aaa gct ttg ctt ctg aat tta ttc gct gcg gga aca gac aca 912 Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Ala Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr 290 295 300 tcc tct agt aca gta gaa tgg gca ata gcc gaa ctc att cgt cat cca 960 Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg His Pro 305 310 315 caa ata tta aaa caa gcc cga gaa gag ata gac gct gta gtt ggt caa 1008 Gln Ile Leu Lys Gln Ala Arg Glu Glu Ile Asp Ala Val Val Gly Gln 320 325 330 335 gac cgg ctt gta aca gaa ttg gac ttg agc caa cta aca tac ctc cag 1056 Asp Arg Leu Val Thr Glu Leu Asp Leu Ser Gln Leu Thr Tyr Leu Gln 340 345 350 gct ctt gtg aaa gag gtg ttt agg ctc cac cct tca acg cca ctc tcc 1104 Ala Leu Val Lys Glu Val Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser 355 360 365 tta cca aga ata tca tcc gag agt tgt gag gtc gat ggg tat tat atc 1152 Leu Pro Arg Ile Ser Ser Glu Ser Cys Glu Val Asp Gly Tyr Tyr Ile 370 375 380 cct aag gga tcc aca ctc ctc gtt aac gtg tgg gcc att gcg cga gac 1200 Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp 385 390 395 cca aaa atg tgg gcg gat cct ctt gaa ttt agg cct tct cgg ttt tta 1248 Pro Lys Met Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro Ser Arg Phe Leu 400 405 410 415 ccc ggg gga gaa aag ccc ggt gct gat gtt agg gga aat gat ttt gaa 1296 Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Gly Ala Asp Val Arg Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu 420 425 430 gtt ata cca ttt ggg gca gga cga agg att tgt gcg ggt atg agc cta 1344 Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Ser Leu 435 440 445 ggc ttg aga atg gtc cag ttg ctc att gca aca ttg gtc caa act ttt 1392 Gly Leu Arg Met Val Gln Leu Leu Ile Ala Thr Leu Val Gln Thr Phe 450 455 460 gat tgg gaa ctg gct aac ggg tta gag ccg gag atg ctc aac atg gaa 1440 Asp Trp Glu Leu Ala Asn Gly Leu Glu Pro Glu Met Leu Asn Met Glu 465 470 475 gaa gcg tat gga ttg acc ctt caa cgg gct gca ccc ttg atg gtt cac 1488 Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ala Pro Leu Met Val His 480 485 490 495 ccg aag ccg agg tta gct ccc cac gta tat gaa agt att taa 1530 Pro Lys Pro Arg Leu Ala Pro His Val Tyr Glu Ser Ile 500 505 ggactagttt ctcttttgcc tttttgtttc gcaaaggtta atgaataaac gatttcatga 1590 ctcagatagt tatgtaaaca attgtgtttg ctgtttatat atttatctat ttttctagaa 1650 caaaaaaaaa 1660 17 508 PRT Chrysanthemum 17 Met Thr Ile Leu Ala Phe Val Phe Tyr Ala Leu Ile Leu Gly Ser Val 1 5 10 15 Leu Tyr Val Phe Leu Asn Leu Ser Ser Arg Lys Ser Ala Arg Leu Pro 20 25 30 Pro Gly Pro Thr Pro Trp Pro Ile Val Gly Asn Leu Pro His Leu Gly 35 40 45 Pro Ile Pro His His Ala Leu Ala Ala Leu Ala Lys Lys Tyr Gly Pro 50 55 60 Leu Met His Leu Arg Leu Gly Cys Val Asp Val Val Val Ala Ala Ser 65 70 75 80 Ala Ser Val Ala Ala Gln Phe Leu Lys Val His Asp Ala Asn Phe Ala 85 90 95 Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Val Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln 100 105 110 Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys 115 120 125 Ile Cys Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp Phe Arg 130 135 140 His Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Ala Val Leu Thr Arg Val Leu Leu Ser 145 150 155 160 Ala Gly Asn Ser Pro Val Gln Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Asn Val Cys Ala 165 170 175 Thr Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg Val Met Leu Gly Arg Arg Val Phe Gly Asp 180 185 190 Gly Ile Asp Arg Ser Ala Asn Glu Phe Lys Asp Met Val Val Glu Leu 195 200 205 Met Val Leu Ala Gly Glu Phe Asn Leu Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Val Leu 210 215 220 Asp Leu Phe Asp Leu Gln Gly Ile Thr Lys Lys Met Lys Lys Leu His 225 230 235 240 Val Arg Phe Asp Ser Phe Leu Ser Lys Ile Val Glu Glu His Lys Thr 245 250 255 Ala Pro Gly Gly Leu Gly His Thr Asp Leu Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Ser 260 265 270 Leu Lys Asp Asp Ala Asp Ile Glu Gly Gly Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu 275 280 285 Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Ala Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser 290 295 300 Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg His Pro Gln 305 310 315 320 Ile Leu Lys Gln Ala Arg Glu Glu Ile Asp Ala Val Val Gly Gln Asp 325 330 335 Arg Leu Val Thr Glu Leu Asp Leu Ser Gln Leu Thr Tyr Leu Gln Ala 340 345 350 Leu Val Lys Glu Val Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu 355 360 365 Pro Arg Ile Ser Ser Glu Ser Cys Glu Val Asp Gly Tyr Tyr Ile Pro 370 375 380 Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro 385 390 395 400 Lys Met Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro Ser Arg Phe Leu Pro 405 410 415 Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Gly Ala Asp Val Arg Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Val 420 425 430 Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Ser Leu Gly 435 440 445 Leu Arg Met Val Gln Leu Leu Ile Ala Thr Leu Val Gln Thr Phe Asp 450 455 460 Trp Glu Leu Ala Asn Gly Leu Glu Pro Glu Met Leu Asn Met Glu Glu 465 470 475 480 Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ala Pro Leu Met Val His Pro 485 490 495 Lys Pro Arg Leu Ala Pro His Val Tyr Glu Ser Ile 500 505 18 1815 DNA Torenia CDS (107)..(1633) 18 ctaaattaat taataaatac acacacgacg agatgtatgt aatgtaatgt aatattatta 60 catacatcat caccgaatac gcacgctact accactgcga ttagcc atg agt ccc 115 Met Ser Pro 1 tta gcc ttg atg atc ata agt acc tta tta ggg ttt ctc cta tac cac 163 Leu Ala Leu Met Ile Ile Ser Thr Leu Leu Gly Phe Leu Leu Tyr His 5 10 15 tct ctt cgc tta cta ctc ttc tcc ggc caa ggt cgc cga cta cta cca 211 Ser Leu Arg Leu Leu Leu Phe Ser Gly Gln Gly Arg Arg Leu Leu Pro 20 25 30 35 cca ggt cca cgc ccg tgg ccg ctg gtg gga aat ctc ccg cac tta ggc 259 Pro Gly Pro Arg Pro Trp Pro Leu Val Gly Asn Leu Pro His Leu Gly 40 45 50 ccg aag cca cac gcc tcc atg gcc gag ctc gcg cga gcc tac gga ccc 307 Pro Lys Pro His Ala Ser Met Ala Glu Leu Ala Arg Ala Tyr Gly Pro 55 60 65 ctc atg cac cta aag atg ggg ttc gtc cac gtc gtg gtg gct tcg tcg 355 Leu Met His Leu Lys Met Gly Phe Val His Val Val Val Ala Ser Ser 70 75 80 gcg agc gcg gcg gag cag tgc ctg agg gtt cac gac gcg aat ttc ttg 403 Ala Ser Ala Ala Glu Gln Cys Leu Arg Val His Asp Ala Asn Phe Leu 85 90 95 agc agg cca ccc aac tcc ggc gcc aag cac gtc gct tac aac tac gag 451 Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Val Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Glu 100 105 110 115 gac ttg gtt ttc aga ccg tac ggt ccc aag tgg agg ctg ttg agg aag 499 Asp Leu Val Phe Arg Pro Tyr Gly Pro Lys Trp Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys 120 125 130 ata tgc gct cag cat att ttc tcc gtc aag gct atg gat gac ttc agg 547 Ile Cys Ala Gln His Ile Phe Ser Val Lys Ala Met Asp Asp Phe Arg 135 140 145 cgc gtc aga gag gaa gag gtg gcc atc ctg agt cgc gct cta gca ggc 595 Arg Val Arg Glu Glu Glu Val Ala Ile Leu Ser Arg Ala Leu Ala Gly 150 155 160 aaa agg gcc gta ccc ata ggc caa atg ctc aac gtg tgc gcc aca aac 643 Lys Arg Ala Val Pro Ile Gly Gln Met Leu Asn Val Cys Ala Thr Asn 165 170 175 gcc cta tct cgc gtc atg atg ggg cgg cgc gtg gtg ggc cac gcg gat 691 Ala Leu Ser Arg Val Met Met Gly Arg Arg Val Val Gly His Ala Asp 180 185 190 195 gga acc aac gac gcc aag gcg gag gag ttc aaa gcc atg gtc gtc gag 739 Gly Thr Asn Asp Ala Lys Ala Glu Glu Phe Lys Ala Met Val Val Glu 200 205 210 ctc atg gtc ctc tcc ggc gtc ttc aac atc ggt gat ttc atc ccc ttc 787 Leu Met Val Leu Ser Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Phe 215 220 225 ctc gag cct ctc gac ttg cag gga gtg gct tcc aag atg aag aaa ctc 835 Leu Glu Pro Leu Asp Leu Gln Gly Val Ala Ser Lys Met Lys Lys Leu 230 235 240 cac gcg cgg ttc gat gca ttc ttg acc gag att gta cga gag cgt tgt 883 His Ala Arg Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Thr Glu Ile Val Arg Glu Arg Cys 245 250 255 cat ggg cag atc aac aac agt ggt gct cat cag gat gat ttg ctt agc 931 His Gly Gln Ile Asn Asn Ser Gly Ala His Gln Asp Asp Leu Leu Ser 260 265 270 275 acg ttg att tcg ttc aaa ggg ctt gac gat ggc gat ggt tcc agg ctc 979 Thr Leu Ile Ser Phe Lys Gly Leu Asp Asp Gly Asp Gly Ser Arg Leu 280 285 290 act gac aca gaa atc aag gcg ctg ctc ttg aac ctt ttg gac acg acg 1027 Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Leu Asp Thr Thr 295 300 305 tcg agc acg gtg gaa tgg gcc gta gcc gaa ctc cta cgc cac cct aag 1075 Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Val Ala Glu Leu Leu Arg His Pro Lys 310 315 320 aca tta gcc caa gtc cgg caa gag ctc gac tcg gtc gtg ggt aag aac 1123 Thr Leu Ala Gln Val Arg Gln Glu Leu Asp Ser Val Val Gly Lys Asn 325 330 335 agg ctc gtg tcc gag acc gat ctg aat cag ctg ccc tat cta caa gct 1171 Arg Leu Val Ser Glu Thr Asp Leu Asn Gln Leu Pro Tyr Leu Gln Ala 340 345 350 355 gtc gtc aaa gaa act ttc cgc ctc cat cct ccg acg ccg ctc tct cta 1219 Val Val Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Pro Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu 360 365 370 ccg aga ctc gcg gaa gat gat tgc gag atc gac gga tac ctc atc ccc 1267 Pro Arg Leu Ala Glu Asp Asp Cys Glu Ile Asp Gly Tyr Leu Ile Pro 375 380 385 aag ggc tcg acc ctt ctg gtg aac gtt tgg gcc ata gcc cgc gat ccc 1315 Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro 390 395 400 aag gtt tgg gcc gat ccg ttg gag ttt agg ccc gaa cga ttc ttg acg 1363 Lys Val Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro Glu Arg Phe Leu Thr 405 410 415 ggc gga gaa aag gcc gac gtc gat gtc aag ggg aac gat ttc gaa gtg 1411 Gly Gly Glu Lys Ala Asp Val Asp Val Lys Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Val 420 425 430 435 ata ccg ttc ggg gcg ggt cgt agg atc tgc gct ggc gtt ggc ttg gga 1459 Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Val Gly Leu Gly 440 445 450 ata cgt atg gtc caa ctg ttg acg gcg agt ttg atc cat gca ttc gat 1507 Ile Arg Met Val Gln Leu Leu Thr Ala Ser Leu Ile His Ala Phe Asp 455 460 465 ctg gac ctt gct aat ggg ctt ttg gcc caa aat ctg aac atg gaa gaa 1555 Leu Asp Leu Ala Asn Gly Leu Leu Ala Gln Asn Leu Asn Met Glu Glu 470 475 480 gca tat ggg ctt acg cta caa cgg gct gag cct ttg ttg gtc cac cct 1603 Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Glu Pro Leu Leu Val His Pro 485 490 495 agg ccg cgg ttg gcc act cat gtc tat taa ttaaattagg cctaaactac 1653 Arg Pro Arg Leu Ala Thr His Val Tyr 500 505 gatgaatgac ccatttaacg ttaataagag ttttcaattt atgtgagttt gcatggtatg 1713 gtatggtatg gtgcttgtaa taaattgtat ctgttaggtg tgttcattga tgataaatct 1773 agtttgtact gctgctcaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aa 1815 19 508 PRT Torenia 19 Met Ser Pro Leu Ala Leu Met Ile Ile Ser Thr Leu Leu Gly Phe Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Tyr His Ser Leu Arg Leu Leu Leu Phe Ser Gly Gln Gly Arg Arg 20 25 30 Leu Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Arg Pro Trp Pro Leu Val Gly Asn Leu Pro 35 40 45 His Leu Gly Pro Lys Pro His Ala Ser Met Ala Glu Leu Ala Arg Ala 50 55 60 Tyr Gly Pro Leu Met His Leu Lys Met Gly Phe Val His Val Val Val 65 70 75 80 Ala Ser Ser Ala Ser Ala Ala Glu Gln Cys Leu Arg Val His Asp Ala 85 90 95 Asn Phe Leu Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Val Ala Tyr 100 105 110 Asn Tyr Glu Asp Leu Val Phe Arg Pro Tyr Gly Pro Lys Trp Arg Leu 115 120 125 Leu Arg Lys Ile Cys Ala Gln His Ile Phe Ser Val Lys Ala Met Asp 130 135 140 Asp Phe Arg Arg Val Arg Glu Glu Glu Val Ala Ile Leu Ser Arg Ala 145 150 155 160 Leu Ala Gly Lys Arg Ala Val Pro Ile Gly Gln Met Leu Asn Val Cys 165 170 175 Ala Thr Asn Ala Leu Ser Arg Val Met Met Gly Arg Arg Val Val Gly 180 185 190 His Ala Asp Gly Thr Asn Asp Ala Lys Ala Glu Glu Phe Lys Ala Met 195 200 205 Val Val Glu Leu Met Val Leu Ser Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe 210 215 220 Ile Pro Phe Leu Glu Pro Leu Asp Leu Gln Gly Val Ala Ser Lys Met 225 230 235 240 Lys Lys Leu His Ala Arg Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Thr Glu Ile Val Arg 245 250 255 Glu Arg Cys His Gly Gln Ile Asn Asn Ser Gly Ala His Gln Asp Asp 260 265 270 Leu Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Ser Phe Lys Gly Leu Asp Asp Gly Asp Gly 275 280 285 Ser Arg Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Leu 290 295 300 Asp Thr Thr Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Val Ala Glu Leu Leu Arg 305 310 315 320 His Pro Lys Thr Leu Ala Gln Val Arg Gln Glu Leu Asp Ser Val Val 325 330 335 Gly Lys Asn Arg Leu Val Ser Glu Thr Asp Leu Asn Gln Leu Pro Tyr 340 345 350 Leu Gln Ala Val Val Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Pro Thr Pro 355 360 365 Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Leu Ala Glu Asp Asp Cys Glu Ile Asp Gly Tyr 370 375 380 Leu Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala 385 390 395 400 Arg Asp Pro Lys Val Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro Glu Arg 405 410 415 Phe Leu Thr Gly Gly Glu Lys Ala Asp Val Asp Val Lys Gly Asn Asp 420 425 430 Phe Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Val 435 440 445 Gly Leu Gly Ile Arg Met Val Gln Leu Leu Thr Ala Ser Leu Ile His 450 455 460 Ala Phe Asp Leu Asp Leu Ala Asn Gly Leu Leu Ala Gln Asn Leu Asn 465 470 475 480 Met Glu Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Glu Pro Leu Leu 485 490 495 Val His Pro Arg Pro Arg Leu Ala Thr His Val Tyr 500 505 20 1824 DNA Jap. Morning Glory CDS (2)..(1555) 20 g agc tta acc tta att ttc tgc act tta gtt ttt gca atc ttt cta tat 49 Ser Leu Thr Leu Ile Phe Cys Thr Leu Val Phe Ala Ile Phe Leu Tyr 1 5 10 15 ttt ctt att ctc agg gtg aaa cag cgt tac cct tta cct ctc cca ccc 97 Phe Leu Ile Leu Arg Val Lys Gln Arg Tyr Pro Leu Pro Leu Pro Pro 20 25 30 gga cca aaa cca tgg ccg gtg tta gga aac ctt ccc cac ctg ggc aag 145 Gly Pro Lys Pro Trp Pro Val Leu Gly Asn Leu Pro His Leu Gly Lys 35 40 45 aag cct cac cag tcg att gcg gcc atg gct gag agg tac ggc ccc ctc 193 Lys Pro His Gln Ser Ile Ala Ala Met Ala Glu Arg Tyr Gly Pro Leu 50 55 60 atg cac ctc cgc cta gga ttc gtg gac gtg gtt gtg gcc gcc tcc gcc 241 Met His Leu Arg Leu Gly Phe Val Asp Val Val Val Ala Ala Ser Ala 65 70 75 80 gcc gtg gcc gct cag ttc ttg aaa gtt cac gac tcg aac ttc tcc aac 289 Ala Val Ala Ala Gln Phe Leu Lys Val His Asp Ser Asn Phe Ser Asn 85 90 95 cgg ccg ccg aac tcc ggc gcg gaa cac att gct tat aac tat caa gac 337 Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Glu His Ile Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp 100 105 110 ctc gtc ttc gcg ccc tac ggc ccg cgg tgg cgc atg ctt agg aag atc 385 Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Met Leu Arg Lys Ile 115 120 125 acc tcc gtg cat ctc ttc tcg gcc aag gcg ttg gat gac ttc tgc cat 433 Thr Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp Phe Cys His 130 135 140 gtt cgc cag gaa gag gtt gca act ctg aca cgc agt cta gca agt gca 481 Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Ala Thr Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Ala Ser Ala 145 150 155 160 ggc aaa act cca gta aaa cta ggg cag tta cta aac gtg tgc acc acg 529 Gly Lys Thr Pro Val Lys Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Asn Val Cys Thr Thr 165 170 175 aac gcc cta gct cgt gta atg cta ggg cgg aag gtc ttt aat gac gga 577 Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg Val Met Leu Gly Arg Lys Val Phe Asn Asp Gly 180 185 190 ggt agc aag agc gac cca aag gcg gag gag ttc aag tcg atg gtg gag 625 Gly Ser Lys Ser Asp Pro Lys Ala Glu Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val Glu 195 200 205 gag atg atg gtg ttg gcc gga agt ttt aac atc ggc gat ttc att ccg 673 Glu Met Met Val Leu Ala Gly Ser Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro 210 215 220 gtc ttg ggt tgg ttt gac gtt cag ggt atc gta ggg aag atg aag aaa 721 Val Leu Gly Trp Phe Asp Val Gln Gly Ile Val Gly Lys Met Lys Lys 225 230 235 240 cta cac gcg cgt ttt gat gcg ttc ttg aac acc att cta gag gaa cac 769 Leu His Ala Arg Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Asn Thr Ile Leu Glu Glu His 245 250 255 aaa tgt gtc aac aat caa cac acg acg ttg tcg aaa gat gtg gac ttc 817 Lys Cys Val Asn Asn Gln His Thr Thr Leu Ser Lys Asp Val Asp Phe 260 265 270 ttg agc acc cta att agg ctc aaa gat aat ggg gct gat atg gat tgt 865 Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Arg Leu Lys Asp Asn Gly Ala Asp Met Asp Cys 275 280 285 gaa gag gga aaa ctc acc gac act gaa att aag gct ttg ctc ttg aac 913 Glu Glu Gly Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn 290 295 300 ctg ttc aca gct ggg act gat aca tca tct agc act gtg gag tgg gca 961 Leu Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala 305 310 315 320 atc gca gaa cta cta cgc aac cca aaa atc tta aac caa gca caa caa 1009 Ile Ala Glu Leu Leu Arg Asn Pro Lys Ile Leu Asn Gln Ala Gln Gln 325 330 335 gag ctt gac tta gtg gtg ggt caa aat cag cta gtc aca gaa tct gac 1057 Glu Leu Asp Leu Val Val Gly Gln Asn Gln Leu Val Thr Glu Ser Asp 340 345 350 tta acc gat cta cct ttc ctg caa gca ata gtg aag gag acc ttc agg 1105 Leu Thr Asp Leu Pro Phe Leu Gln Ala Ile Val Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg 355 360 365 cta cac cca tcc acc cca ctc tct ctt cca aga atg gga gct cag ggt 1153 Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Met Gly Ala Gln Gly 370 375 380 tgc gag atc aat ggc tac ttc atc ccc aaa ggc gca acg ctt ttg gtc 1201 Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr Phe Ile Pro Lys Gly Ala Thr Leu Leu Val 385 390 395 400 aac gtt tgg gcc ata gct cgt gat ccc aat gtg tgg aca aat cct ctt 1249 Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro Asn Val Trp Thr Asn Pro Leu 405 410 415 gag ttc aac cca cac cga ttc ttg cct ggt gga gaa aag ccc aac gtg 1297 Glu Phe Asn Pro His Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val 420 425 430 gat att aaa ggg aat gac ttt gaa gtg att cct ttt gga gcc ggg cgt 1345 Asp Ile Lys Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg 435 440 445 aga ata tgc tct ggg atg agt ttg ggg ata agg atg gtt cac ctg ttg 1393 Arg Ile Cys Ser Gly Met Ser Leu Gly Ile Arg Met Val His Leu Leu 450 455 460 gtt gca act ttg gtg cat gct ttt gat tgg gat ttg gtg aat gga caa 1441 Val Ala Thr Leu Val His Ala Phe Asp Trp Asp Leu Val Asn Gly Gln 465 470 475 480 tct gta gag acg ctc aat atg gag gaa gct tat ggt ctc acc ctt caa 1489 Ser Val Glu Thr Leu Asn Met Glu Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln 485 490 495 cga gct gtt cct ttg atg ttg cat cca aag ccc aga tta caa cca cat 1537 Arg Ala Val Pro Leu Met Leu His Pro Lys Pro Arg Leu Gln Pro His 500 505 510 ctc tat act ctc aat taa attgcaattt gattttggtg attatacaat 1585 Leu Tyr Thr Leu Asn 515 tataatcgag ggacatagga tccccattta tttatattca gttataagag acttccaaca 1645 aaggtctagc tttcgacctt aaaagttgta aaagaggtcc tacatatgta aaagcccgcc 1705 aaaggaaaac tggttgtatt caattccgct aggccttgtc cgaaagacct catgaagact 1765 acaaaggtca tatataatgg taaacccagt gtatttgttg taaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaa 1824 21 517 PRT Jap. Morning Glory 21 Ser Leu Thr Leu Ile Phe Cys Thr Leu Val Phe Ala Ile Phe Leu Tyr 1 5 10 15 Phe Leu Ile Leu Arg Val Lys Gln Arg Tyr Pro Leu Pro Leu Pro Pro 20 25 30 Gly Pro Lys Pro Trp Pro Val Leu Gly Asn Leu Pro His Leu Gly Lys 35 40 45 Lys Pro His Gln Ser Ile Ala Ala Met Ala Glu Arg Tyr Gly Pro Leu 50 55 60 Met His Leu Arg Leu Gly Phe Val Asp Val Val Val Ala Ala Ser Ala 65 70 75 80 Ala Val Ala Ala Gln Phe Leu Lys Val His Asp Ser Asn Phe Ser Asn 85 90 95 Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Glu His Ile Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp 100 105 110 Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Met Leu Arg Lys Ile 115 120 125 Thr Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp Phe Cys His 130 135 140 Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Ala Thr Leu Thr Arg Ser Leu Ala Ser Ala 145 150 155 160 Gly Lys Thr Pro Val Lys Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Asn Val Cys Thr Thr 165 170 175 Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg Val Met Leu Gly Arg Lys Val Phe Asn Asp Gly 180 185 190 Gly Ser Lys Ser Asp Pro Lys Ala Glu Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val Glu 195 200 205 Glu Met Met Val Leu Ala Gly Ser Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro 210 215 220 Val Leu Gly Trp Phe Asp Val Gln Gly Ile Val Gly Lys Met Lys Lys 225 230 235 240 Leu His Ala Arg Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Asn Thr Ile Leu Glu Glu His 245 250 255 Lys Cys Val Asn Asn Gln His Thr Thr Leu Ser Lys Asp Val Asp Phe 260 265 270 Leu Ser Thr Leu Ile Arg Leu Lys Asp Asn Gly Ala Asp Met Asp Cys 275 280 285 Glu Glu Gly Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn 290 295 300 Leu Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala 305 310 315 320 Ile Ala Glu Leu Leu Arg Asn Pro Lys Ile Leu Asn Gln Ala Gln Gln 325 330 335 Glu Leu Asp Leu Val Val Gly Gln Asn Gln Leu Val Thr Glu Ser Asp 340 345 350 Leu Thr Asp Leu Pro Phe Leu Gln Ala Ile Val Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg 355 360 365 Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu Pro Arg Met Gly Ala Gln Gly 370 375 380 Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr Phe Ile Pro Lys Gly Ala Thr Leu Leu Val 385 390 395 400 Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro Asn Val Trp Thr Asn Pro Leu 405 410 415 Glu Phe Asn Pro His Arg Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val 420 425 430 Asp Ile Lys Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg 435 440 445 Arg Ile Cys Ser Gly Met Ser Leu Gly Ile Arg Met Val His Leu Leu 450 455 460 Val Ala Thr Leu Val His Ala Phe Asp Trp Asp Leu Val Asn Gly Gln 465 470 475 480 Ser Val Glu Thr Leu Asn Met Glu Glu Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln 485 490 495 Arg Ala Val Pro Leu Met Leu His Pro Lys Pro Arg Leu Gln Pro His 500 505 510 Leu Tyr Thr Leu Asn 515 22 1667 DNA Gentian CDS (1)..(1431) 22 ccc atc ctc gga aac atc ccc cat ctc ggc tcc aaa ccg cac caa aca 48 Pro Ile Leu Gly Asn Ile Pro His Leu Gly Ser Lys Pro His Gln Thr 1 5 10 15 ctc gcg gaa atg gcg aaa acc tac ggt ccg ctc atg cac ttg aag ttc 96 Leu Ala Glu Met Ala Lys Thr Tyr Gly Pro Leu Met His Leu Lys Phe 20 25 30 ggg ctt aag gac gcg gtg gtg gcg tcg tct gcg tcg gtg gca gag cag 144 Gly Leu Lys Asp Ala Val Val Ala Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Glu Gln 35 40 45 ttt ctg aag aaa cac gac gtg aat ttc tcg aac cgg ccg cca aac tcc 192 Phe Leu Lys Lys His Asp Val Asn Phe Ser Asn Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser 50 55 60 ggg gcc aaa cat ata gct tat aac tat cag gac ctg gta ttc gct ccc 240 Gly Ala Lys His Ile Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro 65 70 75 80 tat gga ccc cgg tgg cgg ttg ctt agg aaa atc tgt tcc gtc cat ctt 288 Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys Ile Cys Ser Val His Leu 85 90 95 ttc tcg tct aag gcc ttg gat gac ttt cag cat gtt cga cat gag gag 336 Phe Ser Ser Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp Phe Gln His Val Arg His Glu Glu 100 105 110 ata tgc atc ctt ata cga gca ata gcg agt ggc ggt cat gct ccg gtg 384 Ile Cys Ile Leu Ile Arg Ala Ile Ala Ser Gly Gly His Ala Pro Val 115 120 125 aat tta ggc aag tta tta gga gtg tgc aca acc aat gcc ctg gca aga 432 Asn Leu Gly Lys Leu Leu Gly Val Cys Thr Thr Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg 130 135 140 gtg atg ctt gga aga aga gta ttc gaa ggc gac ggc ggc gag aat ccg 480 Val Met Leu Gly Arg Arg Val Phe Glu Gly Asp Gly Gly Glu Asn Pro 145 150 155 160 cat gcc gac gag ttt aaa tca atg gtg gtg gag att atg gtg tta gcc 528 His Ala Asp Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val Val Glu Ile Met Val Leu Ala 165 170 175 ggt gca ttc aac ttg ggt gat ttc atc ccg gtt cta gat tgg ttc gat 576 Gly Ala Phe Asn Leu Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Val Leu Asp Trp Phe Asp 180 185 190 ttg caa gga att gct ggt aaa atg aag aaa ctt cat gcc cgt ttc gac 624 Leu Gln Gly Ile Ala Gly Lys Met Lys Lys Leu His Ala Arg Phe Asp 195 200 205 aag ttt tta aat ggg atc cta gaa gat cgt aaa tct aac ggc tct aat 672 Lys Phe Leu Asn Gly Ile Leu Glu Asp Arg Lys Ser Asn Gly Ser Asn 210 215 220 gga gct gaa caa tac gtg gac ttg ctc agt gtg ttg atc tct ctt caa 720 Gly Ala Glu Gln Tyr Val Asp Leu Leu Ser Val Leu Ile Ser Leu Gln 225 230 235 240 gat agt aat atc gac ggt ggt gac gaa gga acc aaa ctc aca gat act 768 Asp Ser Asn Ile Asp Gly Gly Asp Glu Gly Thr Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr 245 250 255 gaa atc aaa gct ctc ctt ttg aac ttg ttc ata gcc gga aca gac act 816 Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Ile Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr 260 265 270 tca tca agt act gta gaa tgg gcc atg gca gaa cta atc cga aac cca 864 Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Met Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg Asn Pro 275 280 285 aag tta cta gtc caa gcc caa gaa gag cta gac aga gta gtc ggg ccg 912 Lys Leu Leu Val Gln Ala Gln Glu Glu Leu Asp Arg Val Val Gly Pro 290 295 300 aac cga ttc gta acc gaa tct gat ctt cct caa ctg aca ttc ctt caa 960 Asn Arg Phe Val Thr Glu Ser Asp Leu Pro Gln Leu Thr Phe Leu Gln 305 310 315 320 gcc gtc atc aaa gag act ttc agg ctt cat cca tcc acc cca ctc tct 1008 Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser 325 330 335 ctt cca cga atg gcg gcg gag gac tgt gag atc aat ggg tat tat gtc 1056 Leu Pro Arg Met Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr Tyr Val 340 345 350 tca gaa ggt tcg aca ttg ctc gtc aat gtg tgg gcc ata gct cgt gat 1104 Ser Glu Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp 355 360 365 cca aat gcg tgg gcc aat cca cta gat ttc aac ccg act cgt ttc ttg 1152 Pro Asn Ala Trp Ala Asn Pro Leu Asp Phe Asn Pro Thr Arg Phe Leu 370 375 380 gcc ggt gga gag aag cct aat gtt gat gtt aaa ggg aat gat ttt gaa 1200 Ala Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Val Lys Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu 385 390 395 400 gtg ata cct ttc ggt gct ggg cgc agg ata tgt gcc gga atg agc tta 1248 Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Ser Leu 405 410 415 ggt ata cgg atg gtt caa cta gta acg gct tcg tta gtt cat tcg ttt 1296 Gly Ile Arg Met Val Gln Leu Val Thr Ala Ser Leu Val His Ser Phe 420 425 430 gat tgg gct ttg ttg gat gga ctt aaa ccc gag aag ctt gac atg gag 1344 Asp Trp Ala Leu Leu Asp Gly Leu Lys Pro Glu Lys Leu Asp Met Glu 435 440 445 gaa ggt tat gga cta acg ctt caa cga gct tca cct tta atc gtc cat 1392 Glu Gly Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ser Pro Leu Ile Val His 450 455 460 cca aag ccg agg ctc tcg gct caa gtt tat tgt atg taa caagtttgtg 1441 Pro Lys Pro Arg Leu Ser Ala Gln Val Tyr Cys Met 465 470 475 aagccagtct gatttcagtt ggatttgtag ttattttatg atcatttggt attttatttt 1501 gtatttcggt tgaatacaat aaagggaagg tggatcgtct gctgtataat agcgacgttt 1561 taacgtgttg tgatagtacc gtgttttact aaaacgatgt cgtttgattt tttatagtat 1621 taaaaaaata aacagctgga ttttgaacca aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa 1667 23 476 PRT Gentian 23 Pro Ile Leu Gly Asn Ile Pro His Leu Gly Ser Lys Pro His Gln Thr 1 5 10 15 Leu Ala Glu Met Ala Lys Thr Tyr Gly Pro Leu Met His Leu Lys Phe 20 25 30 Gly Leu Lys Asp Ala Val Val Ala Ser Ser Ala Ser Val Ala Glu Gln 35 40 45 Phe Leu Lys Lys His Asp Val Asn Phe Ser Asn Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser 50 55 60 Gly Ala Lys His Ile Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro 65 70 75 80 Tyr Gly Pro Arg Trp Arg Leu Leu Arg Lys Ile Cys Ser Val His Leu 85 90 95 Phe Ser Ser Lys Ala Leu Asp Asp Phe Gln His Val Arg His Glu Glu 100 105 110 Ile Cys Ile Leu Ile Arg Ala Ile Ala Ser Gly Gly His Ala Pro Val 115 120 125 Asn Leu Gly Lys Leu Leu Gly Val Cys Thr Thr Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg 130 135 140 Val Met Leu Gly Arg Arg Val Phe Glu Gly Asp Gly Gly Glu Asn Pro 145 150 155 160 His Ala Asp Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val Val Glu Ile Met Val Leu Ala 165 170 175 Gly Ala Phe Asn Leu Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Val Leu Asp Trp Phe Asp 180 185 190 Leu Gln Gly Ile Ala Gly Lys Met Lys Lys Leu His Ala Arg Phe Asp 195 200 205 Lys Phe Leu Asn Gly Ile Leu Glu Asp Arg Lys Ser Asn Gly Ser Asn 210 215 220 Gly Ala Glu Gln Tyr Val Asp Leu Leu Ser Val Leu Ile Ser Leu Gln 225 230 235 240 Asp Ser Asn Ile Asp Gly Gly Asp Glu Gly Thr Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr 245 250 255 Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Ile Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr 260 265 270 Ser Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Met Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg Asn Pro 275 280 285 Lys Leu Leu Val Gln Ala Gln Glu Glu Leu Asp Arg Val Val Gly Pro 290 295 300 Asn Arg Phe Val Thr Glu Ser Asp Leu Pro Gln Leu Thr Phe Leu Gln 305 310 315 320 Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser 325 330 335 Leu Pro Arg Met Ala Ala Glu Asp Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr Tyr Val 340 345 350 Ser Glu Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Ala Arg Asp 355 360 365 Pro Asn Ala Trp Ala Asn Pro Leu Asp Phe Asn Pro Thr Arg Phe Leu 370 375 380 Ala Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Val Lys Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu 385 390 395 400 Val Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Ser Leu 405 410 415 Gly Ile Arg Met Val Gln Leu Val Thr Ala Ser Leu Val His Ser Phe 420 425 430 Asp Trp Ala Leu Leu Asp Gly Leu Lys Pro Glu Lys Leu Asp Met Glu 435 440 445 Glu Gly Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ser Pro Leu Ile Val His 450 455 460 Pro Lys Pro Arg Leu Ser Ala Gln Val Tyr Cys Met 465 470 475 24 1214 DNA Lisianthus CDS (2)..(1093) 24 t cgc atc ctc acg cga tct ata gcg agt gct ggg gaa aat ccg att aac 49 Arg Ile Leu Thr Arg Ser Ile Ala Ser Ala Gly Glu Asn Pro Ile Asn 1 5 10 15 tta ggt caa tta ctc ggg gtg tgt acc aca aat gct ctg gcg aga gtg 97 Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Gly Val Cys Thr Thr Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg Val 20 25 30 atg ctt gga agg agg gta ttc ggc gat ggg agc ggc ggc gta gat cct 145 Met Leu Gly Arg Arg Val Phe Gly Asp Gly Ser Gly Gly Val Asp Pro 35 40 45 cag gcg gac gag ttc aaa tcc atg gtg gtg gaa atc atg gtg ttg gcc 193 Gln Ala Asp Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val Val Glu Ile Met Val Leu Ala 50 55 60 ggc gcg ttt aat cta ggt gat ttt att ccc gct ctt gat tgg ttc gat 241 Gly Ala Phe Asn Leu Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Ala Leu Asp Trp Phe Asp 65 70 75 80 ctg cag gga att acg gca aaa atg aag aaa gtt cac gct cgt ttc gat 289 Leu Gln Gly Ile Thr Ala Lys Met Lys Lys Val His Ala Arg Phe Asp 85 90 95 gcg ttc tta gac gcg atc ctt gag gag cac aaa tcc aac ggc tct cgc 337 Ala Phe Leu Asp Ala Ile Leu Glu Glu His Lys Ser Asn Gly Ser Arg 100 105 110 gga gct aag caa cac gtt gac ttg ctg agt atg ttg atc tcc ctt caa 385 Gly Ala Lys Gln His Val Asp Leu Leu Ser Met Leu Ile Ser Leu Gln 115 120 125 gat aat aac att gat ggt gaa agt ggc gcc aaa ctc act gat aca gaa 433 Asp Asn Asn Ile Asp Gly Glu Ser Gly Ala Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu 130 135 140 atc aaa gct ttg ctt ctg aac ttg ttc acg gct gga aca gac acg tca 481 Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser 145 150 155 160 tca agt act gtg gag tgg gca atc gca gag cta atc cga aac cca gaa 529 Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg Asn Pro Glu 165 170 175 gta ttg gtt caa gcc caa caa gag ctc gat aga gta gtt ggg cca agt 577 Val Leu Val Gln Ala Gln Gln Glu Leu Asp Arg Val Val Gly Pro Ser 180 185 190 cgt ctt gtg acc gaa tct gat ctg cct caa ttg gca ttc ctt caa gct 625 Arg Leu Val Thr Glu Ser Asp Leu Pro Gln Leu Ala Phe Leu Gln Ala 195 200 205 gtc atc aaa gag act ttc aga ctt cat cca tcc act cca ctc tct ctt 673 Val Ile Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu 210 215 220 cca cga atg gct tca gag ggt tgt gaa atc aat gga tac tcc atc cca 721 Pro Arg Met Ala Ser Glu Gly Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr Ser Ile Pro 225 230 235 240 aag ggt tcg aca ttg ctc gtt aac gta tgg tcc ata gcc cgt gat cct 769 Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ser Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro 245 250 255 agt ata tgg gcc gac cca tta gaa ttt agg ccg gca cgt ttc ttg ccc 817 Ser Ile Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro Ala Arg Phe Leu Pro 260 265 270 ggc gga gaa aag ccc aat gtt gat gtg aga ggc aat gat ttt gag gtc 865 Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Val Arg Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Val 275 280 285 ata cca ttt ggt gct gga cgt agg ata tgt gct gga atg agc ttg ggt 913 Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Ser Leu Gly 290 295 300 tta aga atg gtt caa ctt tcg aca gct act ttg gtt cat tcg ttt aat 961 Leu Arg Met Val Gln Leu Ser Thr Ala Thr Leu Val His Ser Phe Asn 305 310 315 320 tgg gat ttg ctg aat ggg atg agc cca gat aaa ctt gac atg gaa gaa 1009 Trp Asp Leu Leu Asn Gly Met Ser Pro Asp Lys Leu Asp Met Glu Glu 325 330 335 gct tat ggg ctt aca ttg caa cgg gct tca cct ttg att gtc cac cca 1057 Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ser Pro Leu Ile Val His Pro 340 345 350 aag ccc agg ctt gct agc tct atg tat gtt aaa tga aattatgctg 1103 Lys Pro Arg Leu Ala Ser Ser Met Tyr Val Lys 355 360 tgcgaataat tccttattta tagcaggaaa tgtcatcttg aattatgtgt aatgttcttc 1163 taactttcga tggaagtgca aaacaagttt tattaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa a 1214 25 363 PRT Lisianthus 25 Arg Ile Leu Thr Arg Ser Ile Ala Ser Ala Gly Glu Asn Pro Ile Asn 1 5 10 15 Leu Gly Gln Leu Leu Gly Val Cys Thr Thr Asn Ala Leu Ala Arg Val 20 25 30 Met Leu Gly Arg Arg Val Phe Gly Asp Gly Ser Gly Gly Val Asp Pro 35 40 45 Gln Ala Asp Glu Phe Lys Ser Met Val Val Glu Ile Met Val Leu Ala 50 55 60 Gly Ala Phe Asn Leu Gly Asp Phe Ile Pro Ala Leu Asp Trp Phe Asp 65 70 75 80 Leu Gln Gly Ile Thr Ala Lys Met Lys Lys Val His Ala Arg Phe Asp 85 90 95 Ala Phe Leu Asp Ala Ile Leu Glu Glu His Lys Ser Asn Gly Ser Arg 100 105 110 Gly Ala Lys Gln His Val Asp Leu Leu Ser Met Leu Ile Ser Leu Gln 115 120 125 Asp Asn Asn Ile Asp Gly Glu Ser Gly Ala Lys Leu Thr Asp Thr Glu 130 135 140 Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Leu Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Ser 145 150 155 160 Ser Ser Thr Val Glu Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg Asn Pro Glu 165 170 175 Val Leu Val Gln Ala Gln Gln Glu Leu Asp Arg Val Val Gly Pro Ser 180 185 190 Arg Leu Val Thr Glu Ser Asp Leu Pro Gln Leu Ala Phe Leu Gln Ala 195 200 205 Val Ile Lys Glu Thr Phe Arg Leu His Pro Ser Thr Pro Leu Ser Leu 210 215 220 Pro Arg Met Ala Ser Glu Gly Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr Ser Ile Pro 225 230 235 240 Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ser Ile Ala Arg Asp Pro 245 250 255 Ser Ile Trp Ala Asp Pro Leu Glu Phe Arg Pro Ala Arg Phe Leu Pro 260 265 270 Gly Gly Glu Lys Pro Asn Val Asp Val Arg Gly Asn Asp Phe Glu Val 275 280 285 Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Met Ser Leu Gly 290 295 300 Leu Arg Met Val Gln Leu Ser Thr Ala Thr Leu Val His Ser Phe Asn 305 310 315 320 Trp Asp Leu Leu Asn Gly Met Ser Pro Asp Lys Leu Asp Met Glu Glu 325 330 335 Ala Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Ser Pro Leu Ile Val His Pro 340 345 350 Lys Pro Arg Leu Ala Ser Ser Met Tyr Val Lys 355 360 26 1757 DNA Petunia sp. CDS (35)..(1525) 26 ccgttgctgt cgagaaaaca gaaagaagag aaaa atg gac tac gtg aat att ttg 55 Met Asp Tyr Val Asn Ile Leu 1 5 ctg gga ctg ttt ttc act tgg ttc ttg gtg aat gga ctc atg tca ctt 103 Leu Gly Leu Phe Phe Thr Trp Phe Leu Val Asn Gly Leu Met Ser Leu 10 15 20 cga aga aga aaa atc tct aag aaa ctt cca cca ggt cca ttt cct ttg 151 Arg Arg Arg Lys Ile Ser Lys Lys Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Phe Pro Leu 25 30 35 cct atc atc gga aat ctt cac tta ctt ggt aat cat cct cac aaa tca 199 Pro Ile Ile Gly Asn Leu His Leu Leu Gly Asn His Pro His Lys Ser 40 45 50 55 ctt gct caa ctt gca aaa att cat ggt cct att atg aat ctc aaa tta 247 Leu Ala Gln Leu Ala Lys Ile His Gly Pro Ile Met Asn Leu Lys Leu 60 65 70 ggc caa cta aac aca gtg gtc att tca tca tca gtc gtg gca aga gaa 295 Gly Gln Leu Asn Thr Val Val Ile Ser Ser Ser Val Val Ala Arg Glu 75 80 85 gtc ttg caa aaa caa gac tta aca ttt tcc aat agg ttt gtc ccg gac 343 Val Leu Gln Lys Gln Asp Leu Thr Phe Ser Asn Arg Phe Val Pro Asp 90 95 100 gta gtc cat gtc cga aat cac tcc gat ttt tct gtt gtt tgg tta cca 391 Val Val His Val Arg Asn His Ser Asp Phe Ser Val Val Trp Leu Pro 105 110 115 gtc aat tct cga tgg aaa acg ctt cgc aaa atc atg aac tct agc atc 439 Val Asn Ser Arg Trp Lys Thr Leu Arg Lys Ile Met Asn Ser Ser Ile 120 125 130 135 ttt tct ggt aac aag ctt gat ggt aat caa cat ctg agg tct aaa aag 487 Phe Ser Gly Asn Lys Leu Asp Gly Asn Gln His Leu Arg Ser Lys Lys 140 145 150 gtc caa gag tta att gat tat tgt caa aag tgt gcc aag aat ggc gaa 535 Val Gln Glu Leu Ile Asp Tyr Cys Gln Lys Cys Ala Lys Asn Gly Glu 155 160 165 gca gtg gat ata gga aga gca act ttt gga act act ttg aat ttg cta 583 Ala Val Asp Ile Gly Arg Ala Thr Phe Gly Thr Thr Leu Asn Leu Leu 170 175 180 tcc aac acc att ttc tct aaa gat ttg act aat ccg ttt tct gat tct 631 Ser Asn Thr Ile Phe Ser Lys Asp Leu Thr Asn Pro Phe Ser Asp Ser 185 190 195 gct aaa gag ttt aag gaa ttg gtt tgg aac att atg gtt gag gct gga 679 Ala Lys Glu Phe Lys Glu Leu Val Trp Asn Ile Met Val Glu Ala Gly 200 205 210 215 aaa ccc aat ttg gtg gac tac ttt cct ttc ctt gag aaa att gat ccg 727 Lys Pro Asn Leu Val Asp Tyr Phe Pro Phe Leu Glu Lys Ile Asp Pro 220 225 230 caa ggt ata aag cga cgc atg act aat aat ttt act aag ttt ctt ggc 775 Gln Gly Ile Lys Arg Arg Met Thr Asn Asn Phe Thr Lys Phe Leu Gly 235 240 245 ctt atc agc ggt ttg att gat gac cgg tta aag gaa agg aat cta agg 823 Leu Ile Ser Gly Leu Ile Asp Asp Arg Leu Lys Glu Arg Asn Leu Arg 250 255 260 gac aat gca aat att gat gtt tta gac gcc ctt ctc aac att agc caa 871 Asp Asn Ala Asn Ile Asp Val Leu Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Ile Ser Gln 265 270 275 gag aac cca gaa gag att gac agg aat caa atc gag cag ttg tgt ctg 919 Glu Asn Pro Glu Glu Ile Asp Arg Asn Gln Ile Glu Gln Leu Cys Leu 280 285 290 295 gac ttg ttt gca gca ggg act gat act aca tcg aat acc ttg gag tgg 967 Asp Leu Phe Ala Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr Thr Ser Asn Thr Leu Glu Trp 300 305 310 gca atg gca gaa cta ctt cag aat cca cac aca ttg cag aaa gca caa 1015 Ala Met Ala Glu Leu Leu Gln Asn Pro His Thr Leu Gln Lys Ala Gln 315 320 325 gaa gaa ctt gca caa gtc att ggt aaa ggc aaa caa gta gaa gaa gca 1063 Glu Glu Leu Ala Gln Val Ile Gly Lys Gly Lys Gln Val Glu Glu Ala 330 335 340 gat gtt gga cga cta cct tac ttg cga tgc ata gtg aaa gaa acc tta 1111 Asp Val Gly Arg Leu Pro Tyr Leu Arg Cys Ile Val Lys Glu Thr Leu 345 350 355 cga ata cac cca gcg gct cct ctc tta att cca cgt aaa gtg gag gaa 1159 Arg Ile His Pro Ala Ala Pro Leu Leu Ile Pro Arg Lys Val Glu Glu 360 365 370 375 gac gtt gag ttg tct acc tat att att cca aag gat tca caa gtt cta 1207 Asp Val Glu Leu Ser Thr Tyr Ile Ile Pro Lys Asp Ser Gln Val Leu 380 385 390 gtg aac gta tgg gca att gga cgc aac tct gat cta tgg gaa aat cct 1255 Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Gly Arg Asn Ser Asp Leu Trp Glu Asn Pro 395 400 405 ttg gtc ttt aag cca gaa agg ttt tgg gag tca gaa ata gat atc cga 1303 Leu Val Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg Phe Trp Glu Ser Glu Ile Asp Ile Arg 410 415 420 ggt cga gat ttt gaa ctc att cca ttt ggt gct ggt cga aga att tgc 1351 Gly Arg Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys 425 430 435 cct gga ttg cct ttg gct atg agg atg att cca gta gca cta ggt tca 1399 Pro Gly Leu Pro Leu Ala Met Arg Met Ile Pro Val Ala Leu Gly Ser 440 445 450 455 ttg cta aac tca ttt aat tgg aaa cta tat ggt gga att gca cct aaa 1447 Leu Leu Asn Ser Phe Asn Trp Lys Leu Tyr Gly Gly Ile Ala Pro Lys 460 465 470 gat ttg gac atg cag gaa aag ttt ggc att acc ttg gcg aaa gcc caa 1495 Asp Leu Asp Met Gln Glu Lys Phe Gly Ile Thr Leu Ala Lys Ala Gln 475 480 485 cct ctg cta gct atc cca act ccc ctg tag ctatagggat aaattaagtt 1545 Pro Leu Leu Ala Ile Pro Thr Pro Leu 490 495 gaggttttaa gttactagta gattctattg cagctatagg atttctttca ccatcacgta 1605 tgctttaccg ttggatgatg gaaagaaata tctatagctt tgggtttgtt tagtttgcac 1665 ataaaaattg aatgaatgga ataccatgga gttataagaa ataataagac tatgattctt 1725 accctacttg aacaatgaca tggctatttc ac 1757 27 18 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 27 tttttttttt ttttttta 18 28 18 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 28 tttttttttt tttttttc 18 29 18 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 29 tttttttttt tttttttg 18 30 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide representing a conserved region in plant cytochrome p450 sequences. 30 Trp Ala Ile Gly Arg Asp Pro 1 5 31 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 31 tgggcnatng gnmgngaycc 20 32 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide representing a conserved region in plant cytochrome p450 sequences. 32 Phe Arg Pro Glu Arg Phe 1 5 33 22 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 33 aggaattymg nccngarmgn tt 22 34 32 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 34 ccnttyggng cnggnmgnmg natntgkscn gg 32 35 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence Synthetic peptide representing a conserved region in plant cytochrome p450 sequences. 35 Glu Phe Xaa Pro Glu Arg Phe 1 5 36 20 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 36 ganttynnnc cnganmgntt 20 37 28 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 37 ccacacgagt agttttggca tttgaccc 28 38 25 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 38 gtcttggaca tcacacttca atctg 25 39 17 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 39 ccgaattccc ccccccc 17 40 32 DNA Artificial Sequence Description of Artificial Sequence oligonucleotide 40 ccnggrcana tnckyytncc ngcnccraan gg 32 41 496 PRT Petunia sp. 41 Met Asp Tyr Val Asn Ile Leu Leu Gly Leu Phe Phe Thr Trp Phe Leu 1 5 10 15 Val Asn Gly Leu Met Ser Leu Arg Arg Arg Lys Ile Ser Lys Lys Leu 20 25 30 Pro Pro Gly Pro Phe Pro Leu Pro Ile Ile Gly Asn Leu His Leu Leu 35 40 45 Gly Asn His Pro His Lys Ser Leu Ala Gln Leu Ala Lys Ile His Gly 50 55 60 Pro Ile Met Asn Leu Lys Leu Gly Gln Leu Asn Thr Val Val Ile Ser 65 70 75 80 Ser Ser Val Val Ala Arg Glu Val Leu Gln Lys Gln Asp Leu Thr Phe 85 90 95 Ser Asn Arg Phe Val Pro Asp Val Val His Val Arg Asn His Ser Asp 100 105 110 Phe Ser Val Val Trp Leu Pro Val Asn Ser Arg Trp Lys Thr Leu Arg 115 120 125 Lys Ile Met Asn Ser Ser Ile Phe Ser Gly Asn Lys Leu Asp Gly Asn 130 135 140 Gln His Leu Arg Ser Lys Lys Val Gln Glu Leu Ile Asp Tyr Cys Gln 145 150 155 160 Lys Cys Ala Lys Asn Gly Glu Ala Val Asp Ile Gly Arg Ala Thr Phe 165 170 175 Gly Thr Thr Leu Asn Leu Leu Ser Asn Thr Ile Phe Ser Lys Asp Leu 180 185 190 Thr Asn Pro Phe Ser Asp Ser Ala Lys Glu Phe Lys Glu Leu Val Trp 195 200 205 Asn Ile Met Val Glu Ala Gly Lys Pro Asn Leu Val Asp Tyr Phe Pro 210 215 220 Phe Leu Glu Lys Ile Asp Pro Gln Gly Ile Lys Arg Arg Met Thr Asn 225 230 235 240 Asn Phe Thr Lys Phe Leu Gly Leu Ile Ser Gly Leu Ile Asp Asp Arg 245 250 255 Leu Lys Glu Arg Asn Leu Arg Asp Asn Ala Asn Ile Asp Val Leu Asp 260 265 270 Ala Leu Leu Asn Ile Ser Gln Glu Asn Pro Glu Glu Ile Asp Arg Asn 275 280 285 Gln Ile Glu Gln Leu Cys Leu Asp Leu Phe Ala Ala Gly Thr Asp Thr 290 295 300 Thr Ser Asn Thr Leu Glu Trp Ala Met Ala Glu Leu Leu Gln Asn Pro 305 310 315 320 His Thr Leu Gln Lys Ala Gln Glu Glu Leu Ala Gln Val Ile Gly Lys 325 330 335 Gly Lys Gln Val Glu Glu Ala Asp Val Gly Arg Leu Pro Tyr Leu Arg 340 345 350 Cys Ile Val Lys Glu Thr Leu Arg Ile His Pro Ala Ala Pro Leu Leu 355 360 365 Ile Pro Arg Lys Val Glu Glu Asp Val Glu Leu Ser Thr Tyr Ile Ile 370 375 380 Pro Lys Asp Ser Gln Val Leu Val Asn Val Trp Ala Ile Gly Arg Asn 385 390 395 400 Ser Asp Leu Trp Glu Asn Pro Leu Val Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg Phe Trp 405 410 415 Glu Ser Glu Ile Asp Ile Arg Gly Arg Asp Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe 420 425 430 Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Pro Gly Leu Pro Leu Ala Met Arg Met 435 440 445 Ile Pro Val Ala Leu Gly Ser Leu Leu Asn Ser Phe Asn Trp Lys Leu 450 455 460 Tyr Gly Gly Ile Ala Pro Lys Asp Leu Asp Met Gln Glu Lys Phe Gly 465 470 475 480 Ile Thr Leu Ala Lys Ala Gln Pro Leu Leu Ala Ile Pro Thr Pro Leu 485 490 495 42 513 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 42 Met Ala Thr Leu Phe Leu Thr Ile Leu Leu Ala Thr Val Leu Phe Leu 1 5 10 15 Ile Leu Arg Ile Phe Ser His Arg Arg Asn Arg Ser His Asn Asn Arg 20 25 30 Leu Pro Pro Gly Pro Asn Pro Trp Pro Ile Ile Gly Asn Leu Pro His 35 40 45 Met Gly Thr Lys Pro His Arg Thr Leu Ser Ala Met Val Thr Thr Tyr 50 55 60 Gly Pro Ile Leu His Leu Arg Leu Gly Phe Val Asp Val Val Val Ala 65 70 75 80 Ala Ser Lys Ser Val Ala Glu Gln Phe Leu Lys Ile His Asp Ala Asn 85 90 95 Phe Ala Ser Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Lys His Met Ala Tyr Asn 100 105 110 Tyr Gln Asp Leu Val Phe Ala Pro Tyr Gly His Arg Trp Arg Leu Leu 115 120 125 Arg Lys Ile Ser Ser Val His Leu Phe Ser Ala Lys Ala Leu Glu Asp 130 135 140 Phe Lys His Val Arg Gln Glu Glu Val Gly Thr Leu Thr Arg Glu Leu 145 150 155 160 Val Arg Val Gly Thr Lys Pro Val Asn Leu Gly Gln Leu Val Asn Met 165 170 175 Cys Val Val Asn Ala Leu Gly Arg Glu Met Ile Gly Arg Arg Leu Phe 180 185 190 Gly Ala Asp Ala Asp His Lys Ala Asp Glu Phe Arg Ser Met Val Thr 195 200 205 Glu Met Met Ala Leu Ala Gly Val Phe Asn Ile Gly Asp Phe Val Pro 210 215 220 Ser Leu Asp Trp Leu Asp Leu Gln Gly Val Ala Gly Lys Met Lys Arg 225 230 235 240 Leu His Lys Arg Phe Asp Ala Phe Leu Ser Ser Ile Leu Lys Glu His 245 250 255 Glu Met Asn Gly Gln Asp Gln Lys His Thr Asp Met Leu Ser Thr Leu 260 265 270 Ile Ser Leu Lys Gly Thr Asp Leu Asp Gly Asp Gly Gly Ser Leu Thr 275 280 285 Asp Thr Glu Ile Lys Ala Leu Leu Leu Asn Met Phe Thr Ala Gly Thr 290 295 300 Asp Thr Ser Ala Ser Thr Val Asp Trp Ala Ile Ala Glu Leu Ile Arg 305 310 315 320 His Pro Asp Ile Met Val Lys Ala Gln Glu Glu Leu Asp Ile Val Val 325 330 335 Gly Arg Asp Arg Pro Val Asn Glu Ser Asp Ile Ala Gln Leu Pro Tyr 340 345 350 Leu Gln Ala Val Ile Lys Glu Asn Phe Arg Leu His Pro Pro Thr Pro 355 360 365 Leu Ser Leu Pro His Ile Ala Ser Glu Ser Cys Glu Ile Asn Gly Tyr 370 375 380 His Ile Pro Lys Gly Ser Thr Leu Leu Thr Asn Ile Trp Ala Ile Ala 385 390 395 400 Arg Asp Pro Asp Gln Trp Ser Asp Pro Leu Ala Phe Lys Pro Glu Arg 405 410 415 Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Glu Lys Ser Gly Val Asp Val Lys Gly Ser Asp 420 425 430 Phe Glu Leu Ile Pro Phe Gly Ala Gly Arg Arg Ile Cys Ala Gly Leu 435 440 445 Ser Leu Gly Leu Arg Thr Ile Gln Phe Leu Thr Ala Thr Leu Val Gln 450 455 460 Gly Phe Asp Trp Glu Leu Ala Gly Gly Val Thr Pro Glu Lys Leu Asn 465 470 475 480 Met Glu Glu Ser Tyr Gly Leu Thr Leu Gln Arg Ala Val Pro Leu Val 485 490 495 Val His Pro Lys Pro Arg Leu Ala Pro Asn Val Tyr Gly Leu Gly Ser 500 505 510 Gly 43 7 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 43 Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala 1 5 44 17 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana UNSURE (8) Xaa can be any amino acid. 44 Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Xaa His Xaa Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Xaa Asp 1 5 10 15 Leu 45 521 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana UNSURE (8) Xaa can be any amino acid. 45 Arg Pro Pro Asn Ser Gly Ala Xaa His Xaa Ala Tyr Asn Tyr Xaa Asp 1 5 10 15 Leu Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 20 25 30 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 35 40 45 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 50 55 60 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 65 70 75 80 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 85 90 95 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 100 105 110 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 115 120 125 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 130 135 140 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 145 150 155 160 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 165 170 175 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 180 185 190 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 195 200 205 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 210 215 220 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 225 230 235 240 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 245 250 255 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 260 265 270 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 275 280 285 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 290 295 300 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 305 310 315 320 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 325 330 335 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 340 345 350 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 355 360 365 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 370 375 380 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 385 390 395 400 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 405 410 415 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 420 425 430 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 435 440 445 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 450 455 460 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 465 470 475 480 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 485 490 495 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa 500 505 510 Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Xaa Gly Gly Glu Lys 515 520 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1.
 2. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 3. 3. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 5. 4. An isolated nucleic acid molecule consisting of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 7. 5. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 9. 6. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 14. 7. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 16. 8. An isolated nucleic acid molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 18. 9. An isolated nucleic acid molecule consisting of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 20. 10. An isolated nucleic acid molecule consisting of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 22. 11. An isolated nucleic acid molecule consisting of the nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 24. 12. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 13. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 14. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set fort in SEQ ID NO: 6, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 15. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 16. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or SEQ ID NO:11 or SEQ D NO:12 or SEQ ID NO:13, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 17. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set fort in SEQ ID NO: 15, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 18. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 17, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 19. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 19, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 20. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 21, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 21. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 23, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 22. An isolated nucleic acid molecule encoding the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 25, or the complement of said nucleic acid molecule.
 23. A DNA construct capable of reducing expression of an endogenous gene encoding a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase in a plant, said DNA construct comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 19; and (ii) a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, and nucleotides 1478 to 3897 of SEQ ID NO:
 9. 24. A method for producing a transgenic plant which synthesizes a flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase, said method comprising stably transforming a cell of a plant with the nucleic acid molecule according to any one of claims 1-3, 5-8 and 13-19 to produce a transformed cell, regenerating a transgenic plant from the transformed cell, and growing said transgenic plant wherein the nucleic acid molecule is expressed.
 25. The method according to claim 24 wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of petunia, carnation, chrysanthemum, rose, snapdragon, tobacco, cornflower, pelargonium, lisianthus, gerbera, apple, iris, lily, African violet and morning glory.
 26. A transgenic plant having tissue exhibiting altered colour, said transgenic plant comprising a nucleic acid molecule selected from the group consisting of: (i) a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO: 4, SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 15, SEQ ID NO: 17, and SEQ ID NO: 19; and (ii) a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 14, SEQ ID NO: 16, SEQ ID NO: 18, and nucleotides 1478 to 3897 of SEQ ID NO:
 9. 27. A transgenic cut flower from the transgenic plant according to claim
 26. 28. A transgenic seed from the transgenic plant according to claim
 26. 29. A transgenic fruit from the transgenic plant according to claim
 26. 30. A transgenic leaf from the transgenic plant according to claim
 26. 